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Background
Studies on facial hyperpigmentation across different facial units are limiting. We aimed to analyze melanin pigmentation images to observe facial pigmentary demarcation lines (FPDLs) and suggest facial hyperpigmentation types for normal individuals.
Materials and methods
3D facial melanin pigmentation images of 173 volunteers were obtai...
Citations
... Recent evidence has reported episodes of mental and psychological distress, especially when kratom is used with nonmedical opioids and methamphetamine [79]. Other negative consequences to be investigated further include endocrinological damages, dermatological manifestations, electrolytic and kidney alterations, hepatic and gastrointestinal injuries, and respiratory and cardiological health hazards (e.g., [80][81][82][83]). Concerning kratom's effects on cardiological functioning, data is still inconsistent. ...
Purpose of review:
This work aims to provide an up-to-date review of the preclinical and clinical scientific literature on the therapeutic value of kratom to better understand the underlying mechanisms related to its use and inform future therapeutic applications.
Recent findings:
A growing number of studies, mainly of cross-sectional nature, describe the widespread use of kratom by individuals to self-treat pain, psychiatric symptoms, and substance use disorders (SUD) outside a controlled clinical setting. Preclinical evidence suggests kratom is effective as an analgesic agent and might decrease the self-administration of other drugs. A randomized controlled trial has further supported kratom's therapeutic value as an analgesic. Investigations in nonclinical samples of long-term kratom users also indicate its therapeutic benefit in managing SUD symptoms (e.g., craving) and long-term or acute symptoms (e.g., withdrawal) for alcohol, opioids, and other illicit drugs. However, episodes of kratom-related intoxications have also been reported, often due to the adulteration and the contamination of kratom products mainly sold online or mixed toxicities when consumed outside clinical and traditional settings.
Summary:
Evidence on the clinical implications of kratom use is still limited and uncertain, with kratom research constantly evolving. Therefore, further randomized trials are needed.
Kava, a substance derived from the Piper methysticum plant, is enjoying a surge in popularity in the United States due to its purported anxiolytic and analgesic effects. Though ichthyosiform dermopathy is a known adverse effect associated with chronic kava exposure in adults, dermopathy in a newborn due to maternal kava use has not yet been described.
This is a case of a 41-year-old woman who was taking a combination kava/kratom product throughout her pregnancy. She developed an ichthyosiform dermopathy that resolved after she stopped using the product postpartum. Her male infant had a neonatal course complicated by both neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, attributed to maternal kratom and buprenorphine use, as well as a diffuse ichthyosiform rash similar to descriptions of kava ichthyosiform dermopathy in adults. His neonatal course was complicated by Group B streptococcus and Serratia marscecens bacteremia (treated with antibiotics) and seizures (treated with lorazepam and phenobarbital). His rash resolved completely by day of life 22. At 9-month outpatient follow-up, he had no dermatologic abnormalities or rash recurrence.
Maternal kava use during pregnancy may cause fetal dermopathy presenting as an acquired ichthyosis. More public education is needed about the potential consequences of kava use, particularly during pregnancy.
