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In the article the author raises the problem of ecology and ensuring environmental safety in relation to toxic “Krasny Bor” landfill. Comprehensive analysis of the existing system shortcomings to storage toxic industrial waste has been given. The principal threats of a dangerous object to the environment being in a critical state have been discusse...
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... of the Russian Federation. The toxicity of "Krasny Bor" is an extremely dangerous man-induced phenomenon threatening SaintPetersburg as the biggest metropolitan city of the country, the Neva river flowing through it and the biggest in Russia Ladoga lake providing potable water optimal by its composition to the residents of the "cultural capital" (Fig. 1). It is necessary to keep in mind that not only Ladoga and full-flowing Neva running out of it are endangered, but also 50 thsd small lakes and 60 thsd small rivers and rivulets forming a consolidated water basin therewith in the North-West ...
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Citations
... It is necessary not to violate the law of redistribution of natural elements that make up the closed cycle in the ecosystem (producers, decomposers, consumers). Hazardous chemicals that are not found in nature (DDT, polypropylene, polyethylene, etc.) do not enter into the natural process of redistribution and are extremely dangerous for human health [16]. The authors believe that disasters such as the spill of diesel fuel on the Norilsk Nickel are the consequence of the self-intensifying destruction of the natural environment and its degradation due to negative anthropogenic impact. ...
The authors of the article propose a number of measures to optimize the production process of “Garabogazcarbamide” factory in order to increase its environmental safety. The factory and the newly equipped berth in Garabogaz (Bekdash) have a negative impact on the ecological situation of the Caspian Sea, in particular, Garabogazgol Bay. The fragile balance between economic activity and preservation of the ecosystem and its biodiversity is broken. Potential accidents at drilling rigs and oil-gas transport and industrial complex can lead to extreme consequences and desertification of the region. The threat of environmental degradation in the Caspian region and the depletion of its natural resources are especially great due to the overdevelopment of the fuel and energy industry, the lack of legal regulations for environmental protection, the limited use of energy and environmental technologies and a primitive environmental culture; all these factors increase the risk of technological disasters. According to the authors’ opinion, the organization of a system of continuous environmental monitoring over the technological updating of the factory equipment; the use of a closed JW system (including desalting unit); the construction of its own power plant for the needs of the factory; purification systems for atmospheric emissions; improving smart technologies to reduce natural gas consumption can help to improve the environmental situation in Garabogaz.
... If the totality of methods allows, by assessing the risk, identifying hazards, making recommendations for managing and reducing the threat to the consequences of extreme processes and phenomena dangerous to human life and the ecosystem as a whole, then it can be used as a risk analysis toolkit [16]. ...
The article analyzes the problem of determining environmental risk. The author took into account the features of natural landscapes when choosing a model of environmental risk in order to predict the level of interaction of the construction project with the environment. The matrix of construction zones distributions and the risk of environmental vulnerability are compiled on the bases of the study of the anthropogenic impact parameters on natural landscapes. Monte Carlo simulation method allows predicting the process of techno genesis relative to the natural environment within the limits of confidence interval. The industrial territories of the Far North and the regions equated to them are characterized by the highest probability and level of risk, as well as vulnerability. The impact of techno genesis on all four components of the environment (atmospheric air, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere) in all areas of construction work normalization will continue to increase. This is indicated by trend graphs of the predicted values of anthropogenic impact within the industrial and residential zones. The quantitative characteristic of possible ecosystem “failures” as a result of anthropogenic interference is analyzed using a point scale. The worst-case scenario can be defined as post-catastrophic (ultra-high risk, emergency measures in emergency situations, score 26-30). The reliability of the simulated forecast is confirmed by the anthropogenic accident in Norilsk in June 2020, the largest and most unprecedented in the history of the Arctic.
The innovative technology has introduced a dynamic, interactive as well as responsive approach into the architecture field along with adaptation to time, social and economic forms, occupant needs, and environmental responsibility. This constant progressive nature of architecture and multi-disciplinary developments have removed certain limitations among the notion of architecture, IT, and industrial sciences. The primary driver behind the building progression is the adaptability that has allowed the differentiation between the previous generation of buildings. Adaptability enables to process the data that is gathered by different sources to prepare the building for the specific occasion before it has occurred [1]. The adaptive morphology obtains a broad spectrum by modifying a building to various occupant’s perception of comfort to climate change. To meet the described resultant, the building has to pursue; information and communication technology, system integration, facility management systems and, superior energy management and sustainability.
Information and communication technology have presented an alternative perspective into system integration enabling to process the data unobtrusively and promoting an interaction between human-objects. The complex-adaptive buildings have networked with the sensing layer to originate inroads into real-time responsiveness. The sensing layer, tags and sensors, detect occupancy state, mobility and movement, and a number of technologies stated internally and externally. These sensors transmit the data to decision-making units to high-level responses through wired/wireless open protocols such as; BACnet, Zigbee, LonWorks, and etc. Building automation enables wide spectrum monitoring and control capabilities in the form of modular web services. Frequently, the occupant/building manager has access to the underlying data flow to providing an appropriate level of control to adapt the building accordingly [2]. The information and communication technology provide the required infrastructure to monitors and manage the buildings’ electrical and mechanical equipment such as; HVAC, lighting, water, safety and security systems and, provides automated control to those building systems. Creating a durable and permanent building management system is the first step of sustainable responsibility, and it should pursue; open protocol and connectivity, globally accepted standards, software and hardware configuration, user-friendly interfaces, system reliability and quality [3].
Occupant behaviors and comfort parameters cause a significant effect on building energy management and sustainability. Achieving precisely the expected comfort index requires occupancy proximity and detection systems, like RFID, optical codes, smart cards, NFC, infrared sensors, as well as occupant control. These sophisticated sensors and new smart meters allow the understanding of space utilization and building energy use per effective occupancy. Energy monitoring, planning, and operating schedules with an adaptive approach allows being understanding of anticipated results. Through the user-friendly interfaces of operating systems or 3rd party platforms, occupants can be engaged with the data of energy and power consumption reports and building carbon footprints. To increase the use of green energy building management system also explore provisioning of renewable energy resources. In particular, it collects data on weather conditions and subsequence renewable energy generation together with the occupant activity in the building. The building management system uses big data analytics to determine how to schedule renewable energy from its sources [4]. In brief, through implementing smart building management systems, the building sector fulfil the purposes on; benefiting of user data, increased life quality and well-being, the efficiency of energy usage, decreased consumption, real-time response, fast maintenance and cost benefits.
The core of the new building concept is based upon the analysis and represent occupant state, mobility and movement along with the corresponding internal and external technological responses. In this research, it has been described the interlinked features of the most recent trends, which are more explanatory and pertinent in the long term; and illustrate a general outlook to building performance. While many systems potentially overlap with a various architectural stream, as well as with many fields, the framework has been presented with embracing the latest technological developments, instead of categorization. The foundation of the concept that has been presented in this paper is advanced features of building performance along with adaptive morphology.
References
[1]. Buckman, A., Mayfield, M., & Beck, S. B. (2014). What is a Smart Building? Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 3(2), 92–109. doi: 10.1108/sasbe-01-2014-0003
[2]. Stavropoulos, T. G., Tsioliaridou, A., Koutitas, G., Vrakas, D., & Vlahavas, I. (2010). System Architecture for a Smart University Building. Artificial Neural Networks – ICANN 2010 Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 477–482. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-15825-4_64
[3]. So, A. T.-pat, & Chan, W. L. (1999). Intelligent building systems. Boston: Kluwer academic publ.
[4]. W. Tushar, N. Wijerathne, W.-T. Li, C. Yuen, H. V. Poor, T. K. Saha, and K. L. Wood (2018) “IoT for green building management,” arXiv preprint.
