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A species of Lecanora in the L. dispersa group, with a well-developed pale thallus and a granular epihymenium, resembling L. albescens, is found exclusively on shoreline rocks and appears to be new. It is described as Lecanora schofieldii sp. nov., found mainly in the Pacific Northwest, but also rarely on the northeast coast. Its distinctions from...
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Context 1
... Habitat in rupibus maritimis calcareis vel non- calcareis. TYPUS: Canada, British Columbia, Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), Moresby Island. North shore of Copper Bay, on rocky shore, 53 8 11 ’ N, 131 8 46 ’ W. I.M. Brodo no. 17261 , 27 June 1971 (CANL, holotypus). DESCRIPTION: Thallus relatively thick, definite, not lobate, mostly continuous, rugose to rimose areolate, pale grey to yellowish grey or yellowish white; soredia absent; prothallus absent. Photobiont trebouxioid. Apothecia lecanorine, 0.3– 0.6 mm in diameter, usually clustered in groups, immersed in thallus when young, later with disk level with thallus, fi- nally sessile. Apothecia flat when mature; disks dull grey- or red-brown or light reddish brown to pale orange, epruinose. Apothecial margin prominent, smooth, uniform, epruinose, even, thallus-coloured or frequently becoming mottled with black or bluish grey pigments (HNO 3 + red; KOH+ yellowish green; 10% HCl+ bluish green: ‘‘cinereorufa-green’’). This blackening of the margin is due to pigmentation in the expanded, almost spherical outer cells of the upper part of the amphithecial cortex. Amphithecium without crystals, or containing clumps of very small, KOH insoluble crystals. Amphithecial cortex usually distinctly delimited, 25–35 m m thick laterally, 30–50 m m thick at base, prosoplectenchyma- tous, gelatinous or amorphous in the lower parts with cell walls and lumina indistinct, or more or less obscured by crystals, pseudoparenchymatous in the upper parts, with darkly pigmented, subspherical outer cells (Fig. 1C). Algae filling amphithecium. Epihymenium granular, granules superficial or between tips of paraphyses, fine, insoluble in KOH or HNO 3 , birefringent in polarized light; medium yellow-brown to dark brown, occasionally slightly olivaceous (containing some cinereorufa-green pigment). Hymenium 45–55 m m high, hyaline, amyloid. Hypothecium colourless, confluent with exciple, similar in colour, 90–100 m m thick unchanged with KOH. Excipulum proprium not discernable. Paraphyses somewhat branched throughout, with few anasto- moses, averaging about 2 m m thick, not or very slightly expanded, not pigmented, coherent in water, free in KOH. Asci club-shaped, Lecanora -type. Spores hyaline, non-sep- tate, without a ‘‘halo’’ or gelatinous perispore, thin-walled, 9.0–12.4 m m  4.8–6.2 m m, length to width ratio variable (broadly to narrowly ellipsoid), 8 per ascus. Pycnidia embedded in thallus; ostiole aeruginose to greenish black or pale brown; conidia thread-like, curved, 15– 20 m m long. CHEMISTRY: Thallus medulla PD–, K–, C–, KC–, IKI–; cortex UV(LW)– or UV(LW)+ dull orange. Contains 2,7-dichloro- lichexanthone (major), 2,7-dichloro-6- O -methylnorlichexanthone (minor), 2-chlorolichexanthone (minor), 7- chlorolichexanthone (minor), 7-chloro-6- O -methylnorlichexanthone (trace), 2,7-dichloronorlichexanthone (trace), 2,5,7- trichlorolichexanthone (trace). HABITAT: Growing on calcareous or noncalcareous shoreline rocks just above, or within the Verrucaria maura zone (‘‘upper littoral fringe;’’ Brodo and Sloan 2004). It was found on protected or semi-protected shorelines where wave action is minimal (Brodo and Sloan 2004), which is borne out by the distribution map (Fig. 2) showing its absence on the outer coasts. ETYMOLOGY: Named in honour of my friend and colleague, Wilfred B. Schofield, a remarkably talented bryologist and phytogeographer, who first suggested that I work on the lichens of Haida Gwaii, and accompanied me on several memorable field trips there, and was a role model and inspi- ration to me for over 40 years both as a scientist and a hu- man being. WORLD DISTRIBUTION: Haida Gwaii, B.C., to coastal Washington. (Fig. 2 a ), and, on the east coast, the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick (Fig. 2 b ...
Context 2
... Habitat in rupibus maritimis calcareis vel non- calcareis. TYPUS: Canada, British Columbia, Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), Moresby Island. North shore of Copper Bay, on rocky shore, 53 8 11 ’ N, 131 8 46 ’ W. I.M. Brodo no. 17261 , 27 June 1971 (CANL, holotypus). DESCRIPTION: Thallus relatively thick, definite, not lobate, mostly continuous, rugose to rimose areolate, pale grey to yellowish grey or yellowish white; soredia absent; prothallus absent. Photobiont trebouxioid. Apothecia lecanorine, 0.3– 0.6 mm in diameter, usually clustered in groups, immersed in thallus when young, later with disk level with thallus, fi- nally sessile. Apothecia flat when mature; disks dull grey- or red-brown or light reddish brown to pale orange, epruinose. Apothecial margin prominent, smooth, uniform, epruinose, even, thallus-coloured or frequently becoming mottled with black or bluish grey pigments (HNO 3 + red; KOH+ yellowish green; 10% HCl+ bluish green: ‘‘cinereorufa-green’’). This blackening of the margin is due to pigmentation in the expanded, almost spherical outer cells of the upper part of the amphithecial cortex. Amphithecium without crystals, or containing clumps of very small, KOH insoluble crystals. Amphithecial cortex usually distinctly delimited, 25–35 m m thick laterally, 30–50 m m thick at base, prosoplectenchyma- tous, gelatinous or amorphous in the lower parts with cell walls and lumina indistinct, or more or less obscured by crystals, pseudoparenchymatous in the upper parts, with darkly pigmented, subspherical outer cells (Fig. 1C). Algae filling amphithecium. Epihymenium granular, granules superficial or between tips of paraphyses, fine, insoluble in KOH or HNO 3 , birefringent in polarized light; medium yellow-brown to dark brown, occasionally slightly olivaceous (containing some cinereorufa-green pigment). Hymenium 45–55 m m high, hyaline, amyloid. Hypothecium colourless, confluent with exciple, similar in colour, 90–100 m m thick unchanged with KOH. Excipulum proprium not discernable. Paraphyses somewhat branched throughout, with few anasto- moses, averaging about 2 m m thick, not or very slightly expanded, not pigmented, coherent in water, free in KOH. Asci club-shaped, Lecanora -type. Spores hyaline, non-sep- tate, without a ‘‘halo’’ or gelatinous perispore, thin-walled, 9.0–12.4 m m  4.8–6.2 m m, length to width ratio variable (broadly to narrowly ellipsoid), 8 per ascus. Pycnidia embedded in thallus; ostiole aeruginose to greenish black or pale brown; conidia thread-like, curved, 15– 20 m m long. CHEMISTRY: Thallus medulla PD–, K–, C–, KC–, IKI–; cortex UV(LW)– or UV(LW)+ dull orange. Contains 2,7-dichloro- lichexanthone (major), 2,7-dichloro-6- O -methylnorlichexanthone (minor), 2-chlorolichexanthone (minor), 7- chlorolichexanthone (minor), 7-chloro-6- O -methylnorlichexanthone (trace), 2,7-dichloronorlichexanthone (trace), 2,5,7- trichlorolichexanthone (trace). HABITAT: Growing on calcareous or noncalcareous shoreline rocks just above, or within the Verrucaria maura zone (‘‘upper littoral fringe;’’ Brodo and Sloan 2004). It was found on protected or semi-protected shorelines where wave action is minimal (Brodo and Sloan 2004), which is borne out by the distribution map (Fig. 2) showing its absence on the outer coasts. ETYMOLOGY: Named in honour of my friend and colleague, Wilfred B. Schofield, a remarkably talented bryologist and phytogeographer, who first suggested that I work on the lichens of Haida Gwaii, and accompanied me on several memorable field trips there, and was a role model and inspi- ration to me for over 40 years both as a scientist and a hu- man being. WORLD DISTRIBUTION: Haida Gwaii, B.C., to coastal Washington. (Fig. 2 a ), and, on the east coast, the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick (Fig. 2 b ...
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... Habitat in rupibus maritimis calcareis vel non- calcareis. TYPUS: Canada, British Columbia, Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), Moresby Island. North shore of Copper Bay, on rocky shore, 53 8 11 ’ N, 131 8 46 ’ W. I.M. Brodo no. 17261 , 27 June 1971 (CANL, holotypus). DESCRIPTION: Thallus relatively thick, definite, not lobate, mostly continuous, rugose to rimose areolate, pale grey to yellowish grey or yellowish white; soredia absent; prothallus absent. Photobiont trebouxioid. Apothecia lecanorine, 0.3– 0.6 mm in diameter, usually clustered in groups, immersed in thallus when young, later with disk level with thallus, fi- nally sessile. Apothecia flat when mature; disks dull grey- or red-brown or light reddish brown to pale orange, epruinose. Apothecial margin prominent, smooth, uniform, epruinose, even, thallus-coloured or frequently becoming mottled with black or bluish grey pigments (HNO 3 + red; KOH+ yellowish green; 10% HCl+ bluish green: ‘‘cinereorufa-green’’). This blackening of the margin is due to pigmentation in the expanded, almost spherical outer cells of the upper part of the amphithecial cortex. Amphithecium without crystals, or containing clumps of very small, KOH insoluble crystals. Amphithecial cortex usually distinctly delimited, 25–35 m m thick laterally, 30–50 m m thick at base, prosoplectenchyma- tous, gelatinous or amorphous in the lower parts with cell walls and lumina indistinct, or more or less obscured by crystals, pseudoparenchymatous in the upper parts, with darkly pigmented, subspherical outer cells (Fig. 1C). Algae filling amphithecium. Epihymenium granular, granules superficial or between tips of paraphyses, fine, insoluble in KOH or HNO 3 , birefringent in polarized light; medium yellow-brown to dark brown, occasionally slightly olivaceous (containing some cinereorufa-green pigment). Hymenium 45–55 m m high, hyaline, amyloid. Hypothecium colourless, confluent with exciple, similar in colour, 90–100 m m thick unchanged with KOH. Excipulum proprium not discernable. Paraphyses somewhat branched throughout, with few anasto- moses, averaging about 2 m m thick, not or very slightly expanded, not pigmented, coherent in water, free in KOH. Asci club-shaped, Lecanora -type. Spores hyaline, non-sep- tate, without a ‘‘halo’’ or gelatinous perispore, thin-walled, 9.0–12.4 m m  4.8–6.2 m m, length to width ratio variable (broadly to narrowly ellipsoid), 8 per ascus. Pycnidia embedded in thallus; ostiole aeruginose to greenish black or pale brown; conidia thread-like, curved, 15– 20 m m long. CHEMISTRY: Thallus medulla PD–, K–, C–, KC–, IKI–; cortex UV(LW)– or UV(LW)+ dull orange. Contains 2,7-dichloro- lichexanthone (major), 2,7-dichloro-6- O -methylnorlichexanthone (minor), 2-chlorolichexanthone (minor), 7- chlorolichexanthone (minor), 7-chloro-6- O -methylnorlichexanthone (trace), 2,7-dichloronorlichexanthone (trace), 2,5,7- trichlorolichexanthone (trace). HABITAT: Growing on calcareous or noncalcareous shoreline rocks just above, or within the Verrucaria maura zone (‘‘upper littoral fringe;’’ Brodo and Sloan 2004). It was found on protected or semi-protected shorelines where wave action is minimal (Brodo and Sloan 2004), which is borne out by the distribution map (Fig. 2) showing its absence on the outer coasts. ETYMOLOGY: Named in honour of my friend and colleague, Wilfred B. Schofield, a remarkably talented bryologist and phytogeographer, who first suggested that I work on the lichens of Haida Gwaii, and accompanied me on several memorable field trips there, and was a role model and inspi- ration to me for over 40 years both as a scientist and a hu- man being. WORLD DISTRIBUTION: Haida Gwaii, B.C., to coastal Washington. (Fig. 2 a ), and, on the east coast, the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick (Fig. 2 b ...
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... species, which closely resembles other shoreline Lecanora species in many respects, has long puzzled those dealing with the lichens of shoreline rocks in North America (e.g., Ryan 1988 a , 1988 b , and Noble 1982, who called it L. albescens ; Brodo and Sloan 2004, who called it ‘‘ Lecanora sp. #1;’’ Gowan and Brodo 1988, who called it L. actophila ). It resembles L. albescens and L. actophila in having a well-developed, pale, thallus, and L. helicopis in having a rimose-areolate thallus, although the colour is darker in that species. In all these lichens, the ascospores are about 9.5–13 m m  4.5–6.5 m m, broadly to narrowly ellipsoid often in the same apothecium, and all have chlorinated xanthones in the thallus but are C–, KC–. Lecanora schofieldii most closely resembles L. albescens . They are identical in chemical products (Leuckert et al. 1990; J. Elix, personal communication), epihymenial granular type, cortex type, branched paraphyses, and lack of capitate paraphyses tips. Lecanora albescens , however, generally has a thicker, whiter, thallus that is abruptly lim- ited, almost with lobes, and the apothecia are almost always pruinose, sometimes heavily so. The apothecial margins are always prominent and thallus-coloured, never blackening. Lecanora albescens is a species restricted to calcareous rocks and is most typically found inland, in rather dry habitats. By contrast, the thallus of L. schofieldii is rimose areolate to areolate, separating into individual areoles only in the older central portions of the thallus, and gradually becoming thinner at the thallus margins. The apothecia can vary from very pale to very dark brown but never become pruinose. The apothecial margins almost invariably show some dark pigmentation, especially on young apothecia, and sometimes the margins are conspicuously blue-black or are at least spotted with black. The habitats are very different: although L. schofieldii can grow on both calcareous and non-calcareous rocks, it is always along sea coasts in the littoral zone. The aeruginose pigment that blackens the margins, and occasionally the epihymenium, of L. schofieldii is cinereorufa-green, the same pigment that colours the epihymenium of L. actophila [and some other black-fruited species of Lecanora (Printzen and May 2002; I. Brodo, unpublished data)], although the apothecial margins of L. actophila rarely blacken, and then, only adjacent to the black disk. In addition, the paraphyses tips of L. actophila are capitate and the epihymenial granules are soluble in KOH. Records of L. actophila from Fundy National Park, New Brunswick, turned out to be L. schofieldii , placing the new species on both coasts. Lecanora helicopis lacks any sort of granulation in the epihymenium, unlike all the others. Its xanthone chemistry is also different (thiophanic acid or something very close to it). Lecanora schofieldii also resembles a puzzling, perhaps new Lecanora , on the shoreline rocks in Haida Gwaii and southeastern Alaska that has a C+ orange, KC+ orange thallus. It approaches L. contractula Nyl. even in its main xanthone (2,5-dichloro-6- O -methylnorlichexanthone), but differs in its continuous rather than dispersed areolate to subsquamulose thallus (see Poelt 1983; Hansen 1995). I am calling it Lecanora sp. #5’’ here. Two other C+ orange seashore Lecanorae in the L. dispersa group are mentioned by S ́ liwa (2007): L. andrewii B. de Lesd. and L. fugiens Nyl., but both species have a granular epihymenium, which is lacking in Lecanora sp. #5. Lecanora salina , like L. contractula , is a shoreline lichen with a dispersed areolate to granulose thallus, but L. salina contains gyrophoric acid (Leuckert et al. 1990; S ́ liwa 2007). It also contains 2,7-dichlorolichexan- thone (Leuckert et al. 1990; Elix and Crook 1992), like L. schofieldii . It was described from Sweden (Magnusson 1926) and was reported from Maine by Degelius (1940) and from Newfoundland by S ́ liwa (2007). However, gyrophoric acid-containing specimens from the east coast of North America (as well as one from Alaska) that morphologically conform to the descriptions of L. salina (e.g., those of Magnusson 1926; S ́ liwa 2007) contain a different xanthone that runs very close to 2,5-dichloro-6- O -methylnorlichexanthone. Among these eastern specimens are two from Nova Scotia in CANL that were annotated as L. contractula by Josef Poelt, but were not cited in Poelt (1983). These gyrophoric acid-containing specimens are keyed out here as ‘‘ L. affin. contractula. ’’ The identity of these C+ orange taxa will not be addressed further here since it involves the study of the relevant types and more material from both coasts. An Aus- tralian species in this group, L. contractuloides Lumbsch & Elix, has the same chemosyndrome as L. schofieldii , but its thallus is dispersed areolate to subsquamulose, the epihymenial granules are soluble in KOH, and the species grows on rocks in the subalpine zone (Lumbsch and Elix 1998, 2004). Unfortunately, a good deal of variation occurs in L. schofieldii , probably due to its substrate (calcareous vs. non-calcareous rock), degree of exposure on the shore, and amount of shading. Specimens on calcareous rocks tend to show less blackening of the apothecial margins, and the apothecia are larger and more sessile, approaching L. albescens s. str. in these respects, but never lobed at the margin nor with pruinose apothecia. In a few specimens, apothecia with blackened rims are intermingled with those with uniformly pale, thallus-coloured rims, all of them obvi- ously growing from the same thallus. Clusters of small amphithecial crystals are more common in some specimens than in others and are lacking in one or two specimens. Disk colour also varies from very pale brown to quite dark, even blackened in a few specimens with an olivaceous brown epihymenium, approaching L. actophila, but having non-capitate paraphyses, KOH insoluble epihymenial granules and blackened apothecial margins, unlike the latter. Lecanora schofieldii is found on both coasts of North America, but is far more common on the west coast (Fig. 2). Like other shoreline crustose lichens abundant in Haida Gwaii but infrequent elsewhere [e.g., Coccotrema maritima Brodo (Brodo 1973), Verrucaria epimaura Brodo (Brodo and Santesson 1997) and Caloplaca litoricola Brodo (Brodo 1984 b )], it would not be surprising to see it turn up on protected shores in southeastern Alaska, although I collected extensively along some of those shores and did not find it. Its apparent rarity on the east coast is probably real and not due to under-collecting, since I have carefully sampled some shores along the coast of Maine, Taylor (1982) made a study of the northeastern shoreline lichens without finding it, Sullivan (1996) did not find it in his doc- toral study of Acadia National Park (Maine), nor did Lamb encounter it in his thorough review of the lichens of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia (Lamb 1954). Bicoastal distributions for lichens are not unusual, especially for species frequenting the cool coasts of northern New England to the arctic and Oregon to Alaska, but they do not necessarily occur on both coasts with equal ...
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Citations
... In addition, Thomson (1984Thomson ( , 1997 included numerous records from the Kenai Peninsula, with some dots on his maps appearing near Seward. Farther south along the coast, Brodo and coauthors have critically examined numerous genera from Haida Gwaii in British Columbia (e.g., Brodo 1995Brodo , 2010Brodo & Ahti 1996;Brodo & Santesson 1997) We assembled a group of lichenologists to inventory lichens at Kenai Fjords National Park with the goals of (i) expanding the list of species known to occur in the park; (ii) compiling a reference collection of voucher specimens and associated habitat data; and (iii) compiling the associated geospatial data into a geodatabase. ...
... Only one long-term weather station exists near the Park, in the town of Seward, near sea level. Mean annual temperature at Seward, Alaska is 2.2°C, and total annual precipitation is 1712 mm (Seward 8 NW, AK, elevation 125 m;1981-2010; https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/ datatools/normals). ...
We inventoried lichens in Kenai Fjords National Park in Alaska, USA We assembled the known information on occurrence and ecology of lichens in this park by combining field, herbarium, and literature studies. Our results provide baseline data on lichen occurrence that may be used in resource condition assessments, vulnerability assessments, long-term ecological monitoring, and resource management. We report a total of 616 taxa of lichenized fungi from the Park, plus an additional five subspecies and three varieties, all of which are new additions to the National Park Service database for this park unit. An additional five species of nonlichenized lichenicolous fungi are reported here. Eight non-lichenized fungi that are traditionally treated with lichens are also included, most of these associated with bark of particular host species. Four taxa new to North America are reported here (Arctomia delicatula var. acutior, Aspicilia dudinensis, Myriospora myochroa, and Ochrolechia bahusiensis), along with 44 species new to Alaska. Numerous species have been confirmed using ITS barcoding sequences. Also several records assigned to the genus level are reported, many of those are likely new species.
... Considerable work has been carried out in coastal temperate rainforest areas to the south, especially by I. M. Brodo on Haida Gwaii (e.g. Brodo 1995Brodo , 2010Brodo & Ahti 1996;Brodo & 62 Toby Spribille et al. Santesson 1997;Brodo & Wirth 1998). ...
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... Indeed, experience has shown that strict Haida Gwaii endemics are rare, with most exhibiting ''near endemic'' ranges, with additional localities in Vancouver Island or nearby southeastern Alaska (e.g., Brodo 2004;Brodo & Santesson 1997). Opegrapha halophila should therefore be expected elsewhere along the Pacific Northwest coast or even on the eastern North American coast, as with Lecanora schofieldii Brodo (Brodo 2010). ...
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... 2017). After consulting various relevant floras (Brodo 2010(Brodo , 2016Clauzade & Roux 1985;Smith et al. 2009;Thomson 1997;Wirth et al. 2013), the authors came to the conclusion that this lichen was probably an undescribed species. This new Lecanora s.l. was studied further and is described here. ...
... The xanthone 2,5-dichloro-6-O-methyl-norlichexanthone, identified in Lecanora sp. #5 (Brodo 2010;McCune 2017) was not detected in our samples. The absence of this last compound and the strong reproducibility of the analytical results in all chromatographed specimens, make it possible to distinguish chemically this new Myriolecis from similar species previously investigated. ...
... By the specific composition of the xanthones (most particularly the lack of 2,5-dichloro-6-Omethyl-norlichexanthone) and non-determinate, somewhat dispersed thallus, it differs from Lecanora sp. #5 (Brodo 2010;McCune 2017). Thus, Myriolecis massei is a well-circumscribed species among the maritime lichens containing chlorinated xanthones. ...
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... This species is a fairly frequent lichen on maritime rocks from Washington to Alaska, but it is very rare on eastern shores. It was recorded from Fundy National Park in New Brunswick (Brodo 2010), but appears to be new for Maine and New England. The voucher is not entirely typical, and so its final confirmation should await additional collections. ...
600 lichens and 82 lichenicolous and allied fungi have been recorded from Eagle Hill in Steuben, ME, and its vicinity over the past 25 years, mainly as a consequence of courses and research centered upon the Eagle Hill Institute (formerly the Humboldt Field Research Institute). Of the 682 taxa listed, 331 have been recorded within the Institute's boundary, of which 27 were not found elsewhere in the vicinity; a further 66 taxa recorded but lacking voucher material are listed. One lichen, Lambiella fuscosora, and 7 lichenicolous fungi, Cornutispora pyramidalis, Epicladonia stenospora, Monodictys epilepraria, Muellerella polyspora, Taeniolella cladinicola, and Tremella coppinsii, are additional to the North American checklist; Lambiella fuscosora and Cornutispora pyramidalis are also recorded as new for Canada. Five lichens, Alyxoria ochrocheila, Cladonia albonigra, Ephebe solida, Myriolecis schofieldii, and Parmotrema stuppeum, are new for Maine. Notes on new records and interesting taxa are provided.
... Interestingly, a number of xanthone species described as putative in 1996 [5] have been purified since then. Such species include 7-chlorolichexanthone (Lecanora schofieldii [88]), 2,4-dichloro-3-O-methylnorlichexanthone (Pertusaria aceroae and P. calderae [89]), 2,5-dichloro-3-O-methylnorlichexanthone (obtained from Calopadia fusca [90] among others), 3,6-di-O-mehtylthiophanic acid from Calopadia subcoerulescens [90] and Phyllopsora chodatinica [91]), 4,5,7-trichlorolichexanthone (Sporopodium leprosum [92]) and 2,4,7-trichloro-3-O-methylnorlichexanthone (Calopadia perpallida [90]). Chlorinations and methylations from these cores can directly account for the structures of most lichen xanthones described by Huneck and Yoshimura. ...
... been purified since then. Such species include 7-chlorolichexanthone (Lecanora schofieldii [88]), 2,4-dichloro-3-O-methylnorlichexanthone (Pertusaria aceroae and P. calderae [89]), 2,5-dichloro-3-Omethylnorlichexanthone (obtained from Calopadia fusca [90] among others), 3,6-di-O-mehtylthiophanic acid from Calopadia subcoerulescens [90] and Phyllopsora chodatinica [91]), 4,5,7-trichlorolichexanthone (Sporopodium leprosum [92]) and 2,4,7-trichloro-3-O-methylnorlichexanthone (Calopadia perpallida [90]). Chlorinations and methylations from these cores can directly account for the structures of most lichen xanthones described by Huneck and Yoshimura. ...
An update of xanthones encountered in lichens is proposed as more than 20 new xanthones have been described since the publication of the compendium of lichen metabolites by Huneck and Yoshimura in 1996. The last decades witnessed major advances regarding the elucidation of biosynthetic schemes leading to these fascinating compounds, accounting for the unique substitution patterns of a very vast majority of lichen xanthones. Besides a comprehensive analysis of the structures of xanthones described in lichens, their bioactivities and the emerging analytical strategies used to pinpoint them within lichens are presented here together with physico-chemical properties (including NMR data) as reported since 1996.
... Members of the Lecanora dispersa complex are characterized by thalli generally growing within rocks (endolithic) or bark (endophloedic), or rarely on the surface of these substrates; apothecia with mostly white thalline margins; and the presence of xanthones (sometimes accompanied by minor quantities of pannarin or gyrophoric acid) or the lack of detectable lichen products by thin layer chromatography (Laundon 2003; S ´ liwa 2007b). The taxonomy of the L. dispersa complex has been a challenge for almost 50 years (see Laundon 1958) but numerous recent contributions have provided much needed clarification (Brodo 2010; Fröberg 1989 Fröberg , 1997 Laundon 2003 Laundon , 2010 Poelt et al. 1995; de la Rosa et al. 2012; Ryan et al. 2004; S ´ liwa 2006, 2007a S ´ liwa & Hawksworth 2006). For the North American members of this complex, a great many taxonomic problems have been characterized by S ´ liwa (2007b). ...
A species of Lecanora in the L. dispersa group, with a well-developed pale thallus and a heavily pruinose apothecia, resembling superficially among others L. poeltiana, is found on shaded vertical calcareous cliff faces and is described here as Lecanora carlottiana sp. nov. The species is recorded mainly on northern portions of the Niagara Escarpment, as well as from other calcareous rock cliffs on Manitoulin Island, and Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada.
... Members of the Lecanora dispersa complex are characterized by thalli generally growing within rocks (endolithic) or bark (endophloedic), or rarely on the surface of these substrates; apothecia with mostly white thalline margins; and the presence of xanthones (sometimes accompanied by minor quantities of pannarin or gyrophoric acid) or the lack of detectable lichen products by thin layer chromatography (Laundon 2003;Ś liwa 2007b). The taxonomy of the L. dispersa complex has been a challenge for almost 50 years (see Laundon 1958) but numerous recent contributions have provided much needed clarification (Brodo 2010;Fröberg 1989Fröberg , 1997Laundon 2003Laundon , 2010Poelt et al. 1995;de la Rosa et al. 2012;Ryan et al. 2004;Ś liwa 2006, 2007aŚ liwa & Hawksworth 2006). For the North American members of this complex, a great many taxonomic problems have been characterized by Ś liwa (2007b). ...
... In 2008, while attending the Tuckerman Workshop in Tobermory, Ontario, Canada, an interesting member of the L. dispersa complex was discovered that did not match any of the previously 19 documented North American species (Brodo et al. 2001;Ś liwa 2007b). Further investigations and comparisons also suggested that there was not a match for it elsewhere in literature, but we hesitated to describe it as a new species based solely on this single specimen, especially given its suspected degraded thallus. ...
... Its distinction from L. carlottiana is based on its oceanic shoreline habitat affinity, epruinose apothecial discs, and blackening apothecial margins. For details concerning the latter species see Brodo (2010), where the discussion is extended to other related taxa, including L. actophila Wedd. and L. helicopis (Ach.) ...
A species of Lecanora in the L. dispersa group, with a well-developed pale thallus and a heavily pruinose apothecia, resembling superficially among others L. poeltiana, is found on shaded vertical calcareous cliff faces and is described here as Lecanora carlottiana sp. nov. The species is recorded mainly on northern portions of the Niagara Escarpment, as well as from other calcareous rock cliffs on Manitoulin Island, and Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada.
... Species outside this subgenus were traditionally recognized as members of informal groups based on morphological, anatomical and chemical characters: L. dispersa group, L. polytropa group, L. rupicola group, L. subfusca group and L. varia group (including L. saligna and related taxa). Except for the L. polytropa group (see Ś liwa & Flakus 2011), the taxonomy of each group was revised (e.g., Brodo 1984;Dickhäuser et al. 1995;Fröberg 1997;Guderley 1999;Laundon 2003a,b;Leuckert & Poelt 1989;Lumbsch 1994;Lumbsch et al. 1997;Martinez & Aragó n 2004;Poelt et al. 1995;Printzen 2001;Ś liwa 2007a,b;Ś liwa & Wetmore 2000;van den Boom & Brand 2008). Subgenus Placodium, the L. rupicola and L. varia groups were circumscribed using phylogenetic inferences based on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (Arup & Grube 1998;Grube et al. 2004;Pérez-Ortega et al. 2010). ...
... Based on combinations of diagnostic features of epithecial granules, paraphyses, amphithecial cortices, ascospores, and specific secondary compounds, Ś liwa (2007a) classified these species into four operational subgroups: the L. dispersa group s. str., the L. semipallida group, the L. crenulata group, and the L. hagenii group. Recently, two new species, L. schofieldii Brodo and L. antiqua J.R. Laundon, were added to the L. dispersa group (Brodo 2010;Laundon 2010). ...
To evaluate the current delimitation of broadly distributed morphospecies from the Lecanora dispersa group, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) was analyzed phylogenetically and compared to phenotypic data variation within and among species. Phylogenetic relationships among 34 individuals representing eight species from the L. dispersa group, collected mainly from Poland and other European countries, were inferred using two types of Bayesian analyses (with and without a priori alignments), maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony approaches. The highest phylogenetic resolution and the largest number of significantly supported internodes resulted from the Bayesian analysis without a priori alignment. Inferred phylogenies confirmed a broader delimitation of the L. dispersa group, to include four additional lobate taxa: L. contractula, L. pruinosa, L. reuteri, and L. thuleana (= Arctopeltis thuleana). Lecanora crenulata, L. dispersa, L. reuterii, and the core of L. albescens and L. semipallida were all found to be monophyletic with high support (by at least one phylogenetic analysis) except the first species. Based on the ITS region, phenotypically similar individuals, thought to belong to one monophyletic group, were found to belong to multiple distantly related groups (e.g., members of L. albescens and L. hagenii), suggesting that morphological, anatomical and chemical characters may not be consistent in predicting species boundaries within the L. dispersa group. Potential undescribed species were found within phenotypically defined L. albescens and L. semipallida. Phylo-taxonomic studies of the L. dispersa group with more loci and a more extensive taxon sampling are urgently needed.
