Figure 4 - available via license: CC BY
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The influence of ultrasound and microwaves on extraction of copper, nickel, and cobalt from manganese deep-sea nodules by reductive ammoniacal leaching in the presence of ammonium thiosulfate as a reducing agent was studied. The ultrasonic ammoniacal leaching provides higher metals extraction, while the effect of microwaves on the metals extraction...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... results of ultrasound-assisted ammoniacal leaching at room temperature indicate that the amount of extracted metals in solution did not change over the studied leaching duration (Table 5, Figure 4). Cobalt and/or nickel were not extracted significantly. Therefore, this method could offer the selective leaching of copper. ...
Context 2
... results of ultrasound-assisted ammoniacal leaching at room temperature indicate that the amount of extracted metals in solution did not change over the studied leaching duration (Table 5, Figure 4). Cobalt and/or nickel were not extracted significantly. Therefore, this method could offer the selective leaching of copper. During ultrasonic ammoniacal leaching at 50 ?C, the extraction efficiencies of copper and nickel were higher than at room temperature, and the amount of cobalt again was minimal (Table 6, Figure 5). It can be deduced from the table and graph that the concentrations of copper and nickel increased almost linearly with the leaching time. During ultrasonic ammoniacal leaching at 50 ? C, the extraction efficiencies of copper and nickel were higher than at room temperature, and the amount of cobalt again was minimal (Table 6, Figure 5). It can be deduced from the table and graph that the concentrations of copper and nickel increased almost linearly with the leaching time. During ammoniacal ultrasonic leaching at 85 ?C, the leaching process was faster than leaching without ultrasonication at the same temperature (Table 7, Figure 6). Although after 90 min of leaching, the concentration of copper and cobalt in the leaching liquor started decreasing. A decrease in the nickel concentrations was not observed. After three hours, a selective nickel extraction was achieved. During ammoniacal ultrasonic leaching at 85 ? C, the leaching process was faster than leaching without ultrasonication at the same temperature (Table 7, Figure 6). Although after 90 min of leaching, the concentration of copper and cobalt in the leaching liquor started decreasing. A decrease in the nickel concentrations was not observed. After three hours, a selective nickel extraction was achieved. ...
Similar publications
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sodium chloride on the formation of the corrosion products on API X65 carbon steel exposed to a medium with H2S and CO2. For the simulation of these environments, the thiosulfate ion was used to generate H2S. The CO2 gas performed the atmosphere at a pressure of 1 bar, at temperatures of 90 ºC...
The electrocatalytic oxidation of two sulfur (II) species (thiourea and thiosulfate) on a polycrystalline platinum electrode was studied by combining cyclic voltammetry with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The surface sulfur species distribution and the charge transfer peaks of the cyclic voltammetr...
Mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2), also known as Calomel, is a typical mercury-containing mineral found in nature. In this work, the leaching behaviour of pure mercurous chloride dissolved in pure water and in thiosulfate solution was investigated. The mercurous chloride hardly dissolved in sulfuric acid solution at pH of 3 and pure water at pH of 6.4, w...
Citations
... Ultrasound-assisted leaching technology has been extensively applied to extract valuable metals from metal ores, such as vanadiumbearing shale [16,19], chalcopyrite [26,49], scheelite [25,50,51], zinc oxide ore [30,52,53], nickel laterite ore [17], rare earth ore [29], refractory gold ore [27,[54][55][56][57][58], uranium ore [59,60], K-feldspar [31], copper-bearing biotite [43], refractory silver ore [61], eudialyte [62], quartz sand [63][64][65][66][67][68], poly-metallic sulfide ore [13], deep-sea nodules [69], phosphorus-potassium associated ore [21], sphalerite [32], and magmatic rocks [70]. In addition, ultrasound-assisted leaching has also been developed with successful enhancement in the leaching efficiency of metals from secondary resources, including metallurgical residues [3,15,35,38,39,42,48,[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86], spent catalysts [33,37,[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94], waste [44]. ...
... In recent, the recovery of copper from copper-containing ores, such as deep-sea manganese nodules, chalcopyrite, and biotite, via ultrasoundassisted leaching has been investigated by researchers. Knaislova et al. [69] explored the influence of ultrasound on Cu leaching from deep-sea manganese nodules in a reductive (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 3 leaching system. The results implied that the extraction efficiency of Cu was 83% by ultrasound leaching for 90 min, while the efficiency was just 67% by microwave leaching for 210 min. ...
... As a transition metal, cobalt (Co) has broad applications in magnets, high-strength materials, and rechargeable batteries ascribing to its unique physical properties [131]. The leaching characteristics of Co from various raw materials with the assistance of ultrasound are summarized and compared in Table 4. Up to now, ultrasound wave has been adopted to elevate the leaching ratio of Co during the hydrometallurgical process of deep-sea manganese nodules and spent LIBs [34,69,105], especially the reductive leaching process. Knaislova et al. [69] compared the leaching behavior of Co from deep-sea manganese nodules in (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 3 media by ultrasound waves and microwaves. ...
In recent two decades, ultrasound has been broadly applied to the hydrometallurgical leaching process to recover valuable metals within raw materials, aiming to solve the shortcomings of the conventional leaching process, including relatively low leaching recovery, long leaching duration, high reagent usage, high energy consumption and so on. The present work focuses on a comprehensive overview of the ultrasound-enhanced leaching of various metals, such as common nonferrous and ferrous metals, rare metals, rare earth elements, and precious metals, from raw metal ores and secondary resources. Moreover, the enhanced leaching mechanisms by ultrasound are discussed in detail and summarized based on the improvement of leaching kinetics, enhancement of the mass transfer and diffusion of lixiviants, and promotion of the oxidative conversion of metals from insoluble to soluble states. Lastly, the challenges and outlooks of future research on the leaching recovery for valuable metals with the assistance of ultrasound irradiation are proposed.
... The processing of deep-sea nodules is carried out as an extraction of the metals contained in them. Nowadays, two types of extraction procedures are used to obtain the metal of interest -pyrometallurgical process, followed by hydrometallurgical process, or hydrometallurgical treatment (leaching) only [6,7]. ...
Deep-sea nodules are ores formed on the sea floor at depths of 3000 to 6000 m as a result of sedimentation. They range in size from 1 cm to 15 cm and contain mainly manganese and iron and other elements that are collected from the nodules by complex pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. These other elements of interest are bound in the nodules mainly in the form of manganese and iron oxides. In order to achieve a high yield of metals bound in nodules in the form of oxides, it is necessary to disintegrate this arrangement in the lattice. This can be achieved by exposing the deep-sea nodules to a reducing condition. This paper deals with the one-step recovery of metals of interest from nodules using silicothermic reduction with 10% excess silicon over stoichiometry. The phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained reduced material were determined.
... A few non-ferrous metal cations, such as Cu(II) and Zn(II) can form such soluble metal-ammine complexes, while other metals, such as Fe and Mn, are not capable of forming stable complexes with ammonia [6]. As a result, an ammoniacal solution induces a strong selectivity with respect to metal dissolution from a complex matrix, which is exploited in hydrometallurgical processes [7]. In these processes, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, and ammonium hydroxide are the most common sources of ammonia [8,9]. ...
This study investigates the use of novel alcoholic ammoniacal systems for the extraction of Cu, Zn, and Pb from Fe-rich residue materials as an alternative technology to traditional aqueous ammoniacal extraction. To this purpose, methanol- and ethanol-based ammoniacal solutions were prepared with several ammonium salts (ammonium chloride, -acetate, -carbonate, and -sulfate) and tested for their metal extraction potential (i.e., metal solubility and selectivity) in synthetic systems with metal sulfate salts of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Fe. The obtained metal solubility results were interpreted by modeling the conditions of the different alcoholic ammoniacal systems (NH3 concentration, pH), and used to select the most promising extraction systems. Furthermore, the initial alkalinity of these selected ammoniacal systems was adapted with stoichiometric NaOH additions, which proved to be a determining factor for the NH3 concentration and the pH and, thus, also for the metal solubility and selectivity. Finally, in a case study on the extraction of Cu, Zn, and Pb from a roasted sulfidic tailing, the ammonium acetate NaOH methanol solution and the ammonium chloride methanol solution showed promising metal extraction efficiencies for Zn (> 40%) and Cu (> 27%), while a very low Fe concentration in the extraction solution was assured (< 0.3 mM). These results warrant further research to reveal the full potential of non-aqueous ammoniacal metal extraction.Graphical Abstract
... Selective leaching of the elements of interest is a more sophisticated approach that might be carried out in acids [10,13] and alkalis [14]. Its efficiency might be increased by using microwaves [15], or selectivity might be provided by using fungi-mediated leaching [16] or nonionic surfactants [17]. Pyrometallurgical treatments like chlorination, sulfonation, and reduction roasting before leaching have also been described [2]. ...
An innovative way to utilize deep-sea manganese nodules is described in this paper. The manganese nodules were reduced by aluminothermy and subsequently added into aluminum as a mixture of alloying elements in their natural ratio. The microstructure and properties of aluminum alloys containing 1.2, 7.7, and 9.7 wt % of reduced nodules were studied. The alloys were formed by Al matrix and minor amounts of Al6(Fe,Mn) and Al11Fe7 intermetallic phases. The alloys containing a higher amount of reduced nodules are characterized by very good thermal stability. The obtained alloys were studied by X-ray diffraction, their microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and their local chemical composition was analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer. The hardness of the samples was measured on the initial materials and after long-term annealing. Based on the obtained results, the aluminum alloys, with the addition of reduced deep-sea nodules, can serve as precursors for processing, e.g., by rapid solidification or hot working methods.
This study presents the analysis of twelve trace elements in soil and sediment samples using microwave-assisted and ultrasonic-assisted digestion prior to analysis with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The recoveries obtained for the microwave-assisted ranged between 81–101% and 80–98% while ultrasonic-assisted recoveries were 80–108% and 79–103% for soil and sediment samples respectively. The metal concentrations obtained ranged from 0.10–355.4 mg/kg and 1.50–308.3 mg/kg in soil and sediments respectively. Most of the studied elements were below the maximum permissible limits in soil except for zinc. Both digestion methods revealed similar accuracy, indicating that both can be used for accurate determination of the target metals. However, ultrasonic-assisted digestion can be recommended as an alternative method to the conventional microwave-assisted digestion since it can successfully digest without the use of extreme temperatures and pressures, and it requires inexpensive technique. Further geo-statistical analysis for heavy metal contamination in soil and sediment were assessed. The enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index ranged between 0.1–18.9 and −2.6–2.5 respectively. The potential ecological risk index showed the overall biological hazard to be the highest at Woodhouse soil classified as risk level C (strong pollution level), indicating a need for continuous monitoring of these metals.
