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-Kidney Measurements. The figure shows a fetal kidney where the renal pelvis and the major calyces were carefully dissected, with removal of the renal parenchyma around the renal pelvis for accurate identification and measurement of these structures; A) Schematic drawing of fetal kidney showing the renal length measurement; B) Schematic drawing of fetal kidney showing the measurement of superior pole width; c) Schematic drawing of fetal kidney showing the measurement of the inferior pole width; D) Schematic drawing of fetal kidney showing the renal thickness measurement; E) Schematic drawing of fetal kidney showing the measurement of the transverse diameter of the renal pelvis (measurement obtained between the distal pelvis extremity and the confluence of the major calyces) and F) Schematic drawing of fetal kidney showing the measurement of the longitudinal diameter of the renal pelvis (distance between the two extremities of the pelvis, i.e., upper-most and lower-most).
Source publication
Objective:
To evaluate the renal parenchymal area in human fetuses, providing a descriptive analysis on the renal area development by demographic factors during the second gestational trimester.
Material and methods:
We analyzed 84 fetuses (44 males and 40 females), for a total of 168 renal units evaluated in terms of longitudinal length, superi...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... taking the kidney measurements, the renal pelvis and the major calyces were carefully dissected, with removal of the renal parenchyma around the renal pelvis, whenever necessary, for accurate identification and measurement of these structures. The following renal pelvis measurements were taken with the help of a magnifying lens and a digital pachymeter (calibrated in millimeters): transverse diameter of the renal pelvis (measurement obtained between the distal pelvis extremity and the confluence of the major calyces), and the longitudinal diameter of the renal pelvis (distance between the two extremities of the pelvis, i.e., upper-most and lower--most) (Figure-1). ...
Context 2
... of future renal deterioration or need for surgical intervention in infants with high-grade hydronephrosis is very important to stratify patients and counsel parents (1, 3, 7). Accordingly with some authors, the precise calculation of renal volume with US using the ellipsoid formula would be inappropriate, since it can underestimate the renal volume, so MRI could be more precise to make these measurements (19,20); but it has some disadvantages as being more expensive and the need of sedation, so US is still being more usual during the study of prenatal hydronephrosis (3, 5, 6). ...
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Citations
... Abbreviations 2 Square millimeters p P-value r 2 Pearson correlation coefficient SD Standard deviation Vs. VersusNeural tube defects (NTDs) are one of the most common congenital malformations of the central nervous system, with an average prevalence at birth of 1 in 1000 1 . ...
... Square millimeters p P-value r 2 Pearson correlation coefficient SD Standard deviation Vs. Versus ...
One of the most common malformations of the central nervous system is related to embryonic neural tube alterations. We hypothesized that anencephaly affects the development of the uterus during the human second trimester of pregnancy. The objective of this study was to study the biometric parameters of the uterus in fetuses with anencephaly and compare them with normocephalic fetuses at that important. In our study, 34 female fetuses were analyzed, 22 normal and 12 anencephalic, aged between 12 and 22 weeks post-conception (WPC). After dissection of the pelvis and individualization of the genital tract, we evaluated the length and width of the uterus using the Image J software. We compared the means statistically using the Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney test and performed linear regression. We identify significant differences between the uterus length (mm)/weight (g) × 100 (p = 0.0046) and uterus width (mm)/weight (g) × 100 (p = 0.0013) when we compared the control with the anencephalic group. The linear regression analysis indicated that 80% significance was found in the correlations in normocephalic fetuses (12.9 to 22.6 WPC) and 40% significance in anencephalic fetuses (12.3 to 18.6 WPC). The measurements of the uterus were greater in anencephalic group but there are no difference in the uterine width and length growth curves during the period studied. Further studies are required to support the hypothesis suggesting that anencephaly may affect uterine development during the human fetal period.
... 28 The pelvis BMD will be increased, because the pelvis is a major structure which in conjunction with upper and lower body and withstands the weight of a human body. 29,30 On the contrary, little effect of traction or external rotation on thoracic spine and the main effect of sex steroid hormones was not statistically significant with total BMD. Meanwhile, the experimental results are not consistent with theoretical results based on the different baseline of BMD, and the ratio of bone loss will not be exactly identical. ...
Background
Bone metabolism can be influenced by sex steroid hormones. However, the relationship between sex steroid hormones and bone mineral density (BMD) remains inconsistent. Our study explored existing evidence of the association between sex hormones, blood glucose and BMD.
Methods
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Results
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Conclusion
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... We considered the thickness of the renal pelvis as 1mm, so the fetal renal pelvis volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula too: fetal renal pelvis volume (RpvV)=renal pelvis length x renal pelvis thickness (=1mm) x renal pelvis width x 0.523. An accurate assessment of the renal parenchymal volume (RpcV) can be obtained by subtacting the volume of the renal pelvis from the total renal volume (20)(21)(22)(23)(24). ...
... Дослідження особливостей індивідуальної анатомічної мінливості нирок та верхніх сечових шляхів у плодовому періоді внутрішньоутробного розвитку (ВУР) людини дозволить з'ясувати етіологію та сформувати чітку уяву про причини та час виникнення варіантів будови та можливої появи вроджених вад сечовидільної системи [1][2][3][4]. Розвиток нирки -дуже складний та багатоетапний процес, який може порушитися генетичними мутаціями, особливо через дефект факторів транскрипції чи пренатального впливу тератогенних чинників, недостатнє харчування матері може погіршити пренатальний розвиток нирки. ...
Background. The study of the individual anatomical variability of the kidneys and upper urinary tract in the fetal period of intrauterine development (IUD) will clarify the etiology and form a clear idea of the causes and timing of the structure and possible occurrence of congenital malformations of the urinary system. Objective. To find out the features of individual anatomical variability of the renal pyelocaliceal system in the fetal period of human ontogenesis. Methods. 102 specimens of human fetuses 160.0-480.0 mm of parieto-calcaneal length (PCL) (4-10 months of IUD) were studied. A set of morphological examination methods was used, which included anthropometry, morphometry, vascular injection, X-ray techniques, preparation and statistical analysis. Results. Among the variants of the structure and congenital defects of the upper urinary tract on our material (specimens of human fetuses) found doubling of the renal pelvis and ureters (4); bends of the pyeloureteral segment and megaureter (2); polymegacolyx and megacolyx (2); aberrant renal vessels (8). In our opinion, the main role in the occurrence of congenital hydronephrosis belongs to defects in the development of the upper urinary tract and vasoureteral conflicts, in which close syntopic connections of the renal pelvis and proximal ureter with abnormal vessels can cause urodynamic disorders. Conclusion. 1. In our material, 15.7% of fetuses revealed variants of structure and topography, as well as defects in the development of the upper urinary tract. 2. In female fetuses the revealed variants and anomalies of structure and topography prevailed those in male sex in the ratio 5: 3. 3. Variants of the structure of renal vessels and their syntopy with the renal pelvis and ureter in all observations were a potential danger of vasorenal conflicts, which would further lead to hydronephrotic transformation of the kidney.
Purpose: One of the most common malformations of the central nervous system is related to embryonic neural tube alterations. We hypothesized that anencephaly affects the development of the uterus during the human second trimester of pregnancy. The objective of this study was to study the biometric parameters of the uterus in fetuses with anencephaly and compare them with normocephalic fetuses at that important.
Methods: In our study, 34 female fetuses were analyzed, 22 normal and 12 anencephalic, aged between 12 and 22 weeks post-conception (WPC). After dissection of the pelvis and individualization of the genital tract, we evaluated the length and width of the uterus using the Image J software. We compared the means statistically using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and performed linear regression.
Results: We do not identify statistical significance between the groups for the measurements of uterus length (Control: 2.02-6.36mm/mean=3.59mm/SD+-1.43 vs. Anencephalic: 1.71-5.44mm/mean=2.97mm/SD+-1.21, p=0.1070) and uterus width (Control: 1.99-7.91mm/mean= 3.84mm/SD+- 1.27 vs. Anencephalic: 2.08-6.48mm/mean= 3.65mm/SD +- 1.23; p =0.3360). The linear regression analysis indicated that 80% significance was found in the correlations in normocephalic fetuses (12.9 to 22.6 WPC) and 40% significance in anencephalic fetuses (12.3 to 18.6 WPC).
Conclusions: We do not find statistical differences in the length and width of the uterus in anencephalic fetuses compared to the control group but uterine length and width shows a lesser tendency to growth in the anencephalic fetuses during the second trimester suggesting that anencephaly can impact the development of the uterus.
The aim of the study – to determine the peculiarities of the rudiments sources and thechronological sequence of topographical and anatomical transformations of the organsand structures of the human urinary system.Materials and methods. The material for the study was 14 series of consecutivehistological sections of specimens of human embryos and prefetuses (4.0-66.0 mm parietalcoccygeal length (PCL)) aged from 4th to 11th weeks of intrauterine development (IUD) A complex of modern methods of morphological research (anthropometry, morphometry,microscopy, 3D computer reconstruction, statistical analysis) were applied.The results. The first signs of mesonephric duct diverticula formation are determined inhuman embryos of the 5th week of the IUD (embryos 7.0-7.5 mm PCL). It is represented byan ampoule-like blind expansion of the diverticulum – the primary rudiment of the renalpelvis, which is surrounded by a condensed mesenchyme, that is the formation sourceof the renal parenchyma – a nephrogenic blastema. Starting from the embryos of themiddle of the 5th week of IUD, due to 3D computer reconstruction, the first topographicaland anatomical features of the primordia of the structures of the definitive kidney aredetermined. The rudiments of the renal pelvises – paired ampoule-like blind expansionsof the diverticulum of the mesonephric duct – are immersed in the metanephric blastema,which has the shape of a drop due to the upper narrowed end. Starting from the end of the6th week of IUD, there is a evagination of the wall of the blind end of the diverticulum (therudiment of the renal pelvis) in the cranial and caudal directions, i.e., the rudiments ofmajor calyces appears. The rudiments of the minor cups is formed by the evagination ofthe wall of the major calices and appears in prefetuses at the beginning of the 7th week ofIUD. Age-related topographical and anatomical changes of the kidneys were also traced.Conclusions. 1. On the specimens of embryos 4.7-5.5 mm PCL (4th week of IUD),mesodermal sources of rudiments of structures and organs of the genitourinary system,which originate from the paired genitourinary crest, are determined. At the border of thedorsal and ventral parts of the mesoderm, in the intermediate mesoderm, the source of theurinary tubules is carried out, which form the nephrogenic cord – the only source of layingof all three generations of the kidney. At the end of the 4th week of IUD, an evaginationappears on both sides from the dorsal wall of the excretory duct of the mesonephros in itscaudal part, which is the rudiment of the epithelial lining of the ureter and renal pelvis.2. The rudiment of the renal pelvis is observed for the first time in the 5th week of IUD(embryos 7.0-7.5 mm PCL), major cups – at the end of the 6th week of VUR (embryos12.0-13.5 mm TKD), small calices – at the beginning of the 7th week of IUD (prefetuses14.0-15.0 mm PCL). 3. In the process of intrauterine development, the kidneys move fromtheir original location in the pelvis, where the source of their blood supply is the commoniliac artery, cranial to the primordia of the adrenal glands, giving their own vessels to theaorta, which become renal arteries.
14 серій послідовних гістологічних зрізів препаратів ембріонів і передплодів людини (4,0-66,0 мм тім'яно-куприкової довжини (ТКД)) віком від 4-го до 11-го тижнів внутрішньоутробного розвитку (ВУР). Застосовано комплекс сучасних методів морфологічного дослідження (антропометрія, морфометрія, мікроскопія, тривимірне комп'ютерне реконструювання, статистичний аналіз). Результати. Перші ознаки закладки похідних дивертикулу мезонефричної протоки визначаються у зародків людини 5-го тижня ВУР (ембріони 7,0-7,5 мм ТКД). Вона представлена ампулоподібним сліпим розширенням дивертикулу-первинною закладкою ниркової миски, яка оточена ущільненою мезенхімою, що є джерелом утворення ниркової паренхіми-нефрогенною бластемою. Починаючи із зародків середини 5-го тижня ВУР, завдяки тривимірному комп'ютерному реконструюванню, визначаються перші топографо-анатомічні особливості зачатка структур остаточної нирки. Зачатки ниркових мисок-парні ампулоподібні сліпі розширення дивертикулу мезонефричної протоки-занурені у метанефричну бластему, яка має форму краплі завдяки верхньому звуженому кінцю. Починаючи з кінця 6-го тижня ВУР, відбувається випинання стінки сліпого кінця дивертикулу (зачатка ниркової миски) у краніальному та каудальному напрямках, тобто з'являється закладка великих чашечок. Закладка малих чашечок формується шляхом випинання стінки великих чашечок та з'являється у передплодів на початку 7-го тижня ВУР. Простежені також вікові топографо-анатомічні зміни нирок. Висновки. 1. На препаратах ембріонів 4,7-5,5 мм ТКД (4-й тиждень ВУР) визначаються мезодермальні джерела закладок структур та органів сечостатевої системи, які походять із парного сечостатевого гребеня. На межі дорсальної та вентральної частин мезодерми, у проміжній мезодермі, здійснюється закладка сечових канальців, які формують нефрогенний тяж-єдине джерело закладки всіх трьох генерацій нирки. Наприкінці 4-го тижня ВУР із дорзальної стінки вивідної протоки мезонефросу в її каудальній частині виникає з обох сторін випинання, яке є зачатком епітеліальної вистилки сечоводу та ниркової миски. 2. Закладка ниркової миски вперше спостерігається на 5-му тижні ВУР (зародки 7,0-7,5 мм ТКД), великих чашечок-наприкінці 6-го тижня ВУР (зародки 12,0-13,5 мм ТКД), малих чашечок-на початку 7-го тижня ВУР (передплоди 14,0-15,0 мм ТКД). 3. Нирки у процесі внутрішньоутробного розвитку переміщуються з місця своєї первинної локалізації у тазу, де джерелом їх кровопостачання є спільна клубова артерія, краніально до зачатків надниркових залоз, віддаючи власні судини до аорти, які стають нирковими артеріями. Bukovinian state medical university, Chernivtsi, Ukraine The aim of the study-to determine the peculiarities of the rudiments sources and the chronological sequence of topographical and anatomical transformations of the organs and structures of the human urinary system. Materials and methods. The material for the study was 14 series of consecutive histological sections of specimens of human embryos and prefetuses (4.0-66.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length (PCL)) aged from 4th to 11th weeks of intrauterine development (IUD). Ключові слова: внутрішньоутробний розвиток, ниркова миска, ниркові чашечки, людина. Клінічна та експериментальна патологія 2022. Т.21, №3 (81). С. 26-32.
Anencephaly is the most severe neural tube defect in human fetuses. The objective of this chapter is to analyze the structure of the kidney, ureter, bladder, testis, prostate, and penis in anencephalic human fetuses. In this chapter we study the structure of urinary (kidney, bladder, and ureter) and genital (testis, prostate, urethra, and penis) organs in anencephalic fetuses and compared them to normal ones. We studied with dissection and histologic techniques 40 normal human fetuses (20 males and 20 females) and 12 anencephalic human fetuses (5 males and 7 females) without anomalies of the genitourinary tract. In our opinion, the urinary and genital anatomy did not suffer important alterations in consequence of this disease, and, in the future, this tissue could be used as a substitute for native tissue.
