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8. Key niches representatives of white-rot fungi: (a) Phellinus tremu/ae (Bondartsev) Bondartsev & P.N. Borisov on living aspen tree; (b) Fornes fo mentarius (L.) J.J. Kickx on fallen birch tree; (c) Peniophora rufomarginata (Pers.) Litsch. in Keissler on fallen lime branch; (d) Merulius tremel/osus Schrad. on debris of alder tree ; (e) Pi/oderma olivaceum (Pannasto) Hjortstam on debris of pine tree and forest litter. OBLIGATE SAPROTROPHS fl lo11 of@BULLEThilify to ["di ntcrmis fl FACULTATIVE NECROTROPHS n � lou of 111 protrnp@BULLET1c @BULLETbility lJ
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The chapter summarizes our modern knowledge on the group of wood-inhabiting fungi. The concept of wood-inhabiting fungi is established in topic and trophic as-pects. An enzymatic systems of fungal wood-decomposers are considered highlighting white-rot and brown-rot fungi. It was emphasized that both groups are capable to oxidizing C-C components of...
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We found that decayed wood stakes with no termite damage collected from a termite-infested field exhibited a deterrent effect against the termite Reticulitermes speratus, Kolbe, 1885. The effect was observed to be lost or reduced by drying. After identification, it was found that the decayed stakes were infected by brown rot fungus Fibroporia radic...
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... Elsewhere in the world, M. giganteus grows on the roots and butts of live deciduous (Acer L., Aesculus L., Alnus Mill., Arbutus L., Betula L., Castanea Mill., Celtis L., Ceratonia L., Corylus L., Eucalyptus L'Her., Fagus L., Myrica L., Persea Mill., Pittosporium Banks ex Sol., Platanus L., Populus L., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Quercus L., Tilia L., Ulmus L.) and coniferous (Abies Mill., Larix Mill., Pinus L.) trees. This fungus causes a white rot (Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1994;Bondartseva 1998;Ryvarden and Melo 2017), and is characterized as a pathogenic saprotroph (Zmitrovich et al. 2015). For the development of its sporulation, this fungus requires a significant mycelial mass according to Bondartsev (1953), and in the Caucasus, one basidiocarp cluster had a mass of 18 kg. ...
We present a new record for the polypore Meripilus giganteus (Fr.) P. Karst., 1882 from Dubki Park, Saint Petersburg, Russia. This is one of the northernmost records in Europe for this species. The morphological description of M. giganteus LE 287654 is given and its ecological preferences, which highlight an unusual ecological situation of this species in Dubki Park, are discussed.
... However, these unusual data are well outside the normal host range of the fungus and are probably misidentifications of the fungal collections (Legon et al. 2005). Nevertheless, we note that some wood-destroying fungi are capable of secondary colonization of herbaceous plants and non-lignified substrata (Zmitrovich et al. 2015). ...
Calathella eruciformis , a species hitherto unknown in Poland, is reported from four localities in the north-eastern part of the country. This wood-inhabiting saprotroph was found on dead decorticated but still attached twigs and branches of living Populus tremula in an oak-hornbeam forest ( Carpinion betuli ). Macro- and microcharacters of the recently collected material are presented in detail, together with selected illustrations. Examination of ITS rDNA sequences indicated that Calathella is not monophyletic and that the type species of the genus C. eruciformis is alien to the heterogeneous genus Flagelloscypha . Furthermore, molecular evidence is provided for a close relationship between C. eruciformis and the type species of the genus Sphaerobasidioscypha , Sphaerobasidioscypha citrispora .
... G. applanatum combines two trophic strategies. It can grow as pathogenic saprotroph (Zmitrovich et al., 2015) which infests living trees and causes a chronic rot and as pure saprotroph which continues its development on dead trunks as well as stumps, dead and buried wood. As pathogen, G. applanatum is subject for control (Ţura et al., 2016). ...
Ganoderma applanatum is one of the most common polypore in the world. However, due to the variability of its macro- and even micro-characters, it is rather difficult to compile an exact picture of distribution of this fungus both in the world as a whole and in its different regions. At the same time, in cities all the Ganoderma representatives are subject of control, since the pathogenesis of parkland is often associated with these species. Therefore, an exact identification of the pathogen is not only a basic scientific, but also an applied importance. The aim of this paper is molecular testing of G. applanatum-coll. representatives to understand, one or more phylospecies are distributed over area in question. In the present study, we analyzed 20 model samples collected in various St. Petersburg localities. The analysis of ITS sequences has showed that only one phylospecies (G. applanatum) characterized by significant biomorphological plasticity is distributed over St. Petersburg area. It has shown that, according to the ratio of pileus diameter to basidiome thickness, two basic morphotypes can be distinguished: subfomitoid one (the ratio of the pileus radius to its thickness 2) and applanate one (the ratio of the cap radius to its thickness 2). A severity of this character depends on basidiome age, and on the content of easily immobilized metabolites in host tree. According to their substrate location, basidiomes can be grouped onto laterally attached on vertical surfaces and complex rosette-shaped mantle formations on buried wood. Variability of basidiomes associated with interaction with insects or vertebrates was separately noted. It was found that the age structure of model St. Petersburg population of G. applanatum is characterized by predominance of 1‒2-years-old basidiomes, whereas the largest age of basidiomes doesn’t exceed 7 years. It has been suggested that relatively young age of perennial basidiomes is rather constitutional feature of the species in boreal zone, characterized by mycelium freezing in marginal zones of basidiome. Variability of G. applanatum basidiospores was considered, too. It was shown that specimens with longest (and partly widest) basidiospores are confined to living trees. G. applanatum combines two trophic strategies, a pathogenic saprotroph growing on living trees and causing chronic rot, and a pure saprotroph, which continues to develop on dead trunks as well as stumps, dead and buried wood. As a pathogen, the species manifests itself by colonizing the frost holes of the butt area, characteristic of broad-leaved species under conditions of degradation of artificial drainage of broadleaf stands. As a pathogen control measure, furrowing of the bark of spring shoots of broad-leaved seedlings was proposed to prevent increased formation of frost cracks as well as the prevention the degradation of drainage systems of broad-leaved stands. A modern diagnosis of the species was given taking into account the data obtained on its boundaries and variability on St. Petersburg areas.
... The occurrence of Metarhizium, an entomopathogenic fungus (Greenfield et al., 2015), is likely associated with the presence of the different insects that colonized the mummified body. The mycobiome included wood-degrading fungi, for example members of the genera Hypholoma, Xylobolus, Strobilurus and Trametes (Sánchez, 2009;Zmitrovich et al., 2014). ...
This microbiological survey was performed to determine the conservation state of a mummy in the Slovak castle of Krásna Hôrka and its surrounding environment. Culture‐dependent identification was coupled with biodegradation assays on keratin, gelatin and cellulose. Next Generation Sequencing using Illumina platform was employed for a deeper microbial investigation. Three environmental samples were collected: from the glass of the sarcophagus, from the air inside it, and from the air of the chapel where the mummy is located. Seven different samples were taken from mummy's surface: from the left ear, left hand palm, left hand nail, left instep, right hand, abdomen and mineral crystals embedded within the skin. Three internal organ samples, from the lung, pleura and stomach, were also included in this study. Together, the culture‐dependent and culture‐independent analyses revealed that the bacterial communities present had fewer taxa than the fungal ones. The mycobiome showed the largest variability and included Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., and Aureobasidium pullulans; many other Ascomycota and Basidiomycota genera were detected by NGS. The most interesting results came from the skin mineral crystals and the internal organs. The hydrolytic assays revealed those microorganisms which might be considered dangerous “mummy pathogens”.
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... Wood decay fungi obtain their energy requirements by digesting molecules such as cellulose and lignin in moist dead or living wood and play a pivotal ecological role in forest carbon cycling (biodegradation) [1]. The decomposition of wood was first ascribed to wood decay fungi by Schacht in 1863 [2]. ...
The wood decay fungi are a diverse taxonomic group that plays a pivotal role in forest carbon cycling. Wood decay fungi use various enzymatic pathways to digest dead or living wood in order to obtain carbon and other nutrients and these enzymatic systems have been exploited for both industrial and medical applications. Over 600 wood decay fungi species have been described in Korea; however, the recent application of molecular markers has dramatically altered the taxonomy of many of these wood decay fungi at both the genus and species levels. By combining molecular methods, specifically sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region, with traditional morphological characters, this study identified five new species records for Korea in five genera: Aurantiporus, Favolus, Neofavolus, Loweomyces, and Hymenochaetopsis. Three of these genera (Aurantiporus, Favolus, and Loweomyces) were previously unknown in Korea. The relatively simple morphology of the wood decay fungi often leads to ambiguous taxonomic assignment. Therefore, molecular markers are a necessary component of any taxonomic or evolutionary study of wood decay fungi. Our study highlights the need for a more robust and multifaceted approach in investigating new wood decay fungi in Korea.
The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes genus Thelephora has been understudied in subtropical ecosystems. Many species of Thelephora are important edible and medicinal fungi, with substantial economic value. Two new Thelephora species, T. grandinioides and T. wuliangshanensis spp. nov. are proposed here based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Thelephora grandinioides is characterized by laterally stipitate basidiocarps with a grandinoid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of tubular and septated cystidia and subglobose to globose basidiospores measuring as 5.3-7.4 × 4-6.5 µ m. Thelephora wuliangshanensis is characterized by infundibuliform basidiocarps, radially black striate on the pileus, a smooth, umber to coffee hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with thick-walled generative hyphae, and basidiospores that turn greenish grey to buff in 5% KOH. Phylogenetic analyses of rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and nuclear large subunit region (nrLSU) showed that the two new Thelephora are phylogenetically distinct: T. grandinioides is sister to T. aurantiotincta and T. sikkimensis, while T. wuliangshanensis is sister to a clade comprising T. austrosinensis and T. aurantiotincta with high support as well.
Many Trichoderma species are cosmopolitan and widespread free-living fungi in various ecological environment, and many are economically important in the fields of agriculture and industry. However, carbon metabolism profiles of Trichoderma species have not been characterized in detail. In this study, Biolog FF MicroPlates were used to contrast carbon utilization and the differences among five Trichoderma species, each representing a unique phenotype. Their metabolic abilities varied greatly. Species producing cellulases and chitinases and with phosphate-solubilizing activities exhibited high efficiency of substrate utilization, whereas low efficiency was shown by saline-alkaline-tolerant species that metabolized simple carbon sources. Species producing cellulases at high levels may be specified to decompose and assimilate cellulose and hemicellulose in woody substrates, and those producing chitinases may have mycoparasitic roles. Species with plant growth–promoting traits are good at uptake of exudates from plant roots. Overall, metabolic models reflect nutritional adaptation of Trichoderma to diverse niches in nature.
A quantitative analysis of the aphyllophoroid macromycetes of Betula complex on 207 sites of the territory of the West Siberian Plain in the range from forest tundra to forest steppe allows us to determine the width of the zone and its patterns for the biota of xylotrophic fungi. It is shown that the width and structure of the zonal xylomycocomplexes is determined, first and foremost, by climatic factors, which are characterized by an expressed hydrothermal gradient. They influence fungi directly also by the formation of the forest stand corresponding to climate. The sequence of width and zone xylomycocomplex of the region is a scale for the indication of forest vegetation conditions and parameters of the forest stand of a particular timber stand. Possibilities of indication are expanded with the differentiation of the xylomycocomplex and, respectively, its width and zone scale on functional fractions of fungi (stem, peripheral, and wound types). The scale is used for assessing the condition of woods in the Numto Natural Park (northern taiga). For the characteristic of each site, coefficients of correlation of numerical structure of this mycocenos and the zone xylomycocomplex in the range from the forest tundra to the forest steppe were obtained and calculated for functional groups. The configuration of the growth spectral curves obtained in this way and their mutual position indicates the peculiarities of the hydrothermal regime of a plot; the influence of mechanical damages on tree stands; and their physiological conditions, completeness, quality, and age. It is shown that, according to the results of mycological indication, forest conditions of the Numto National Park forest plots damaged by fires and clearcuttings correspond to forest conditions of the zones to the south of the park. Regularities of the West Siberian latitude and zone xylomycological scale are characterized by a certain universality for the forest biome of Siberia, which is confirmed by similar regularities obtained during a study of elevation and zone distribution of the xylomycocomplex of Transbaikalia.
Wood inhabiting fungi are obligate-parasites of living or dead woody substrates and produce macroscopic fruiting bodies for reproduction. These fungi produce a variety of hydrolytic/lingocellulolytic enzymes and obtain nutrition for their growth via hydrolysis of wood components (cellulose and lignin). The dead wood inhabiting fungi that decompose wood are called wood rot fungi. Owing to the ecological and economic importance and in contrast to the insufficient data available on the geographical distribution, floristic and diversity of wood rot fungi in Sarkaghat region of District Mandi of Himachal Pradesh, the floristic investigations were initiated to describe and preserve the wood inhabiting fungi of this region. During the present investigation, eleven species of wood rot fungi viz. Auricularia auricula-judae (L.:Fr.) Schroet., Fomitopsis dochmia (Berk & Broome) Ryv., Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.-Curt.:Fr.) Karst., Hexagonia sulcata Berk., Phellinus fastulosus (Lev.) Ryv., Polyporus grammocephalus Berk., P. hirsutus Wulf. ex Fr., Schizophyllum commune Fr.:Fr., Trametes gibbosa (Pers.:Fr.) Fr., T. versicolour (L.:Fr.) Pilat and Xylobolus frustulatus (Pers.) Boidin, belonging to nine genera viz. Auricularia Bull., Fomitopsis Karst., Ganoderma Karst., Phellinus Quél., Hexagonia Fr., Polyporus (Pers.) Gray, Trametes Fr., Schizophyllum Fr. and Xylobolus Karst. of seven families viz. Auriculariaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Ganodermataceae, Hymenochaetaceae, Polyporaceae, Schizophyllaceae and Stereaceae of basidiomycota have been recorded for the first time from Sarkaghat Region of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh (North-Western Himalaya). Of these seven species viz. A. auricula-judae (L.:Fr.) Schroet., F. dochmia (Berk & Broome) Ryv., P. fastulosus (Lev.) Ryv., H. sulcata Berk., P. grammocephalus Berk., P. hirsutus Wulf. ex Fr. and X. frustulatus (Pers.) Boidin and three genera viz. Auricularia Bull., Polyporus (Pers.) Gray and Xylobolus Karst. are new records of wood inhabiting fungi from district Mandi of Himachal Pradesh.
