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Karyogram of the canine GTG-banded metaphase which was used as the basis for the proposed ideogram. To complete the karyotype a Y chromosome was taken from a different metaphase.
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There is an increasing interest in genomic research on the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). However, these investigations are complicated by the canine karyotype comprising 76 acrocentric autosomes of similar size and shape and the metacentric sex chromosomes. None of the numerous published ideograms and karyotypes has yet been generally accepted....
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... our proposed ideogram, no synchro- nization procedures or other techniques to obtain high-resolution chromosomes were applied. Cytogenetic investigations of fibroblasts of a female mixed breed re- vealed the best results in terms of band resolution and one of these metaphases ( Figure 2) was basically used for our ideo- gram with 34 characteristic landmarks and 460 numbered bands in order to maintain the correct size relations of the chromo- somes. We arranged our chromosomes ac- cording to Selden et al. (1975), because it is the most commonly used nomenclature for the canine karyotype thus also facili- tating the comparison between past, pre- sent, and future cytogenetic investigations in dogs. ...
Citations
... The structure of canine ERAP1 and ERAP2 was typical of humans, with numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms forming definite haplotypes (Reeves et al., 2013). Dog ERAP1 and ERAP2 haplotypes were shared by Caninae with karyotypes consisting of 76 acrocentric autosomes and a pair of metacentric sex chromosomes (Reimann et al., 1999). These species include the dog, gray wolf, coyote and jackal. ...
Specific polymorphisms in the endoplasmic reticulum amino peptidase genes ERAP1 and ERAP2, when present with certain MHC class receptor types, have been associated with increased risk for specific cancers, infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders in humans. This increased risk has been linked to distinct polymorphisms in both ERAPs and MHC class I receptors that affect the way cell-generated peptides are screened for antigenicity. The incidence of cancer, infectious disease and autoimmune disorders differ greatly among pure breeds of dogs as it does in humans and it is possible that this heightened susceptibility is also due to specific polymorphisms in ERAP1 and ERAP2. In order to determine if such polymorphisms exist, the ERAP1 and ERAP2 genes of 10 dogs of nine diverse breeds were sequenced and SNPs causing synonymous or non-synonymous amino acid changes, deletions or insertions were identified. Eight ERAP1 and 10 ERAP2 SNPs were used to create a Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX based test panel which defined 24 ERAP1, 36 ERAP2 and 128 ERAP1/2 haplotypes. The prevalence of these haplotypes was then measured among dog, wolf, coyote, jackal and red fox populations. Some haplotypes were species specific, while others were shared across species, especially between dog, wolf, coyote and jackal. The prevalence of these haplotypes was then compared among various canid populations, and in particular between various populations of random- and pure-bred dogs. Human-directed positive selection has led to loss of ERAP diversity and segregation of certain haplotypes among various dog breeds. A phylogenetic tree generated from 45 of the most common ERAP1/2 haplotypes demonstrated three distinct clades, all of which were rooted with haplotypes either shared among species or specific to contemporary dogs, coyote and wolf.
... Todos estuvieron vivos en un periodo de seis meses a un año post diagnóstico y evaluación, es importante señalar que dos pacientes presentaron neoplasias con un cariotipo normal (Figura 1A) con una enfermedad de comportamiento benigno y de mejor respuesta, corroborando el hecho de que a menores alteraciones cromosómicas mejor pronóstico, así mismo las neoplasias pueden aparecer de manera espontánea sin necesidad de alteración genética previa y por factores ambientales como virus, radiaciones, insecticidas, entre otros (10)(11)(12) Estas aberraciones cromosómicas se correlacionan con otros parámetros clínicos e histopatológicos de un tipo determinado de tumor. En ese sentido, las aberraciones recurrentes más comunes son las ligadas al cromosoma 13, y las ganancias genéticas (por translocaciones y adiciones) y finalmente las deleciones, resultados que coinciden con diversos estudios (4,7,13). La evaluación de las alteraciones del cromosoma 13 resultan significativas ya que los datos ofrecen importante evidencia sobre la homología del cromosoma 13 con las regiones HSA4 y HS8 humanos relacionados con los proto-oncogenes c-KIT y c-MYC implicados en el desarrollo y progresión carcinogénica (14). ...
Authors: Verano-Zelada M, Moya-Salazar J, Vega-Vera R.
This study aims to correlate the presence of neoplasms and the chromosomal arrangement in dogs with an approach to the prognosis. An experimental, cross-sectional prospective study was designed in the laboratory of genetics and genomics "Golberd Hognes» of veterinary clinic "Clini-Vet". Conventional cytogenetic processing was done in culture medium PB-MAXTM, GTG banding and the report with ISCN according to the Committee for the Standardized Karyotype of the Dog. From seven evaluated patients, 71.4% had malignant neoplasms, 84.8% of patients with neoplasms had chromosomal abnormalities, 14.2% showed normal karyotypes, 28.6% had benign neoplasms and 28.6% of patients had more than one different type of neoplasm during their lifetime. The chromosomal aberration with the higher occurrence was trisomy (57.1%), followed by two constitutive heterochromatin (28.5%), terminal deletions (14.2%) and ring chromosomes (14.2%). All patients were alive during the study period (2015-2016). This cytogenetic study allows the determination of chromosomal aberrations and it is a predicted tool.
Key words: cytogenetic analysis, veterinary oncology, canine chromosome, neoplasm.
... For RBA-banding staining, the technique reported by Iannuzzi & Di Berardino (2008) was used. At least 100 and 30 metaphases were examined, respectively, from slides treated for aneuploidy and RBA-banding for karyotype analysis according to the karyotype proposed by Reimann et al. (1999). ...
A case of non-syndromic, complete syndactyly involving all four limbs is described in a three-month-old male crossbreed dog for the first time. Syndactyly is a rare condition in most animal species, in dogs it has been infrequently reported. Findings of clinical, radiographic and cytogenetic analyses are described and demonstrate probably for the first time that numerical and structural chromosome aberrations are not involved in the pathogenesis of this case of syndactyly.
... Depending on the quality of the chromosome preparation it is possible to distinguish exactly at least the first 21 autosomes and the gonosomes [Switonski et al., 1996]. With high-quality banding it is possible to determine the whole karyotype [Reimann et al., , 1999a. In the case of chromosome preparations of tumor tissues, specific molecular genetic probes especially for smaller chromosomes ( ! 21) and marker chromosomes are of great importance for exact identification. ...
Besides man, the dog is the only known mammalian species that spontaneously develops carcinomas of the prostate with considerable frequency. For this reason, the dog is considered to be the only useful animal model for spontaneously occurring prostate malignancies in man. Cytogenetic investigations of human prostate cancers have revealed the frequent occurrence of trisomies 7, 8, and 17. Chromosome analyses of canine prostate carcinomas are rare. In this report we present 2 cases of canine prostate cancer showing a clonal polysomy 13 along with complex karyotype changes. Along with a previous report demonstrating polysomy 13 as the only karyotype deviation in a canine prostate cancer the present report supports the hypothesis that in canine prostate cancer, polysomy 13 is a recurrent cytogenetic aberration linked to the development of the disease. As human chromosomes (HSA) 8q and 4q and the canine chromosome (CFA) 13 share high homology, these results suggest that a conserved area on these chromosomes is involved in tumorigenesis in both species.
... Existing painting probe based synteny studies and RH analyses [27] indicated that the canine CFA 12 shares homology with the human chromosome 6 on which the HMGA1 gene is located at HSA 6p21. Chromosomal aberrations affecting CFA 12 are not or barely reported to be significantly associated with canine neoplasias [28,29]. While previous studies reported the localization of a HMGA1 gene positive BAC to CFA 23 [30], the performed in silico analyses and the recently published canine genome assembly [31] support the herein described assignment of the canine HMGA1 gene to CFA 12q11 by FISH described in this study. ...
The high mobility group A1 proteins (HMGA1a/HMGA1b) are highly conserved between mammalian species and widely described as participating in various cellular processes. By inducing DNA conformation changes the HMGA1 proteins indirectly influence the binding of various transcription factors and therefore effect the transcription regulation. In humans chromosomal aberrations affecting the HMGA1 gene locus on HSA 6p21 were described to be the cause for various benign mesenchymal tumours while high titres of HMGA1 proteins were shown to be associated with the neoplastic potential of various types of cancer. Interestingly, the absence of HMGA1 proteins was shown to cause insulin resistance and diabetes in humans and mice. Due to the various similarities in biology and presentation of human and canine cancers the dog has joined the common rodent animal model for therapeutic and preclinical studies. Accordingly, the canine genome was sequenced completely twice but unfortunately this could not solve the structure of canine HMGA1 gene.
Herein we report the characterisation of the genomic structure of the canine HMGA1 gene consisting of 7 exons and 6 introns spanning in total 9524 bp, the in vivo localisation of the HMGA1 protein to the nucleus, and a chromosomal assignment of the gene by FISH to CFA12q11. Additionally, we evaluated a described canine HMGA1 exon 6 SNP in 55 Dachshunds.
The performed characterisations will make comparative analyses of aberrations affecting the human and canine gene and proteins possible, thereby providing a basis for revealing mechanisms involved in HMGA1 related pathogenesis in both species.
... Chromosomal localization of canine disease traits is complicated by the difficult karyotype. Seventy-six of the 78 canine chromosomes are acrocentric, with only a slight decrease in length (3). The combination of a huge diversity, breed homogeneity, and complex karotype, together with a high incidence of recessive diseases, creates a challenges in mapping the canine genome using conventional methods. ...
A reference database of differences in mRNA expression in normal healthy canine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been established. This database identifies non-informative differences in mRNA expression that can be used in screening canine RPE for mutations associated with clinical effects on vision. Complementary DNA (cDNA) pools were prepared from mRNA harvested from RPE, amplified by PCR, and used in a subtractive hybridization protocol (representational differential analysis) to identify differences in RPE mRNA expression between canines. The effect of relatedness of the test canines on the frequency of occurrence of differences was evaluated by using 2 unrelated canines for comparison with 2 female sibling canines of blue heeler/bull terrier lineage. Differentially expressed cDNA species were cloned, sequenced, and identified by comparison to public database entries. The most frequently observed differentially expressed sequence from the unrelated canine comparison was cDNA with 21 base pairs (bp) identical to the human epithelial membrane protein 1 gene (present in 8 of 20 clones). Different clones from the same-sex sibling RPE contained repetitions of several short sequence motifs including the human epithelial membrane protein 1 (4 of 25 clones). Other prevalent differences between sibling RPE included sequences similar to a chicken genetic marker sequence motif (5 of 25), and 6 clones with homology to porcine major histocompatibility loci. In addition to identifying several repetitively occurring, noninformative, differentially expressed RPE mRNA species, the findings confirm that fewer differences occurred between siblings, highlighting the importance of using closely related subjects in representational difference analysis studies.
Bozok Veterinary Sciences Derleme / Review Article Bozok Vet Sci (2021) 2, (2): 96-100 Nörogenetik Hastalıklarda Alternatif Model Organizma: Köpekler*
ABSTRACT
The human has not been intimated the dog as only a behavioral during its domestication journey, but also many diseases have become to live together. Long-term, expensive and highly controlled experimental animal models are created for biomedical research. Instead of this, the use of naturally diseased dogs in the framework of ethical and deontological rules will facilitate understanding the physiopathological mechanisms of genetic diseases in both human and animal medicine. Thus, new gene and cell therapy options will be enabled. In this review, was aimed to give information, whose desired to do translational research, about canine neurogenetic diseases likely as humans.
A thirteen-month-old French bulldog was referred for evaluation of a protrusion in the pubic region. Physical examination, radiographs and histopathological testing of both gonads following a gonadectomy indicated that the dog was a male pseudohermaphrodite. The karyotype was 78, XX chromosome, and the canine SRY gene was negative. Therefore, the present case was diagnosed as a SRY negative XX male in a French bulldog.
We investigated the correspondence between transcriptome and exome alterations in canine bladder cancer and the correspondence between these alterations and cancer-driving genes and transcriptional alterations in human bladder cancer. We profiled canine bladder tumors using mRNA-seq and exome-seq and used a comparative oncology approach to investigate: (i) the similarity of transcriptional alterations in bladder cancer vs. normal bladder, in humans and canines, at the levels of gene functions, pathways, and cytogenetic regions; and (ii) the extent to which genic mutations in canine bladder cancer are associated with known cancer mutations (from human) as well as alterations in transcript levels in the canine tumor. We found that the transcriptomes of canine and human bladder cancer are remarkably similar at the functional and pathway levels. We demonstrated that canine bladder cancer involves coordinated differential expression of genes within cytogenetic bands, and that these patterns are consistent with those seen in human bladder cancer. We found that mutation of a gene in canine bladder cancer is associated with a higher mutation recurrence frequency for the gene's human ortholog in human bladder cancer. Additionally, we found that (i) canine orthologs of human tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are more likely to be downregulated and more likely to be mutated in canine bladder cancer than orthologs of non-TSGs; and (ii) genes that are mutated in canine bladder cancer are more likely to be transcriptionally downregulated than non-mutated genes, in the tumor. Finally we report three novel mutations (FAM133B, RAB3GAP2, and ANKRD52) for canine bladder cancer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
