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Kainonereis chamberlini sp. n., A-C, F-H, J, K, holotype (USNM 1422199); D, E, I, paratype (UMML 22.1126). (A) whole specimen, dorsal view; (B) anterior end, dorsal view; (C) same, lateral view; (D) whole specimen, dorsal view; (E) same, lateral view; (F) neuropodial sub-acicular heterogomph spiniger, chaetiger 6; (G) neuropodial sub-acicular heterogomph falciger, parapodium 6; (H) parapodium 6, anterior view; (I) parapodium 11, anterior view; (J) parapodium 25, anterior view; (K) parapodium 40, anterior view. Scale bars: A, D = 1 mm; B, C, E = 0.5 mm; F, G = 10 µm; H-K = 0.1 mm.
Source publication
Kainonereis Chamberlin, 1919 was proposed to include only one species, K. alata, based on epitokes provided with elytriform structures in chaetigers 5-7. The species was thoroughly described and illustrated, but its unique features were enigmatic and the genus is currently regarded as taxon inquirendum. In order to have a better understanding of it...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size towards tip. Neuropodial heterogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth fine, decreasing towards tip (Fig. 4F); heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth fine, distal tooth stout (Fig. 4G), supra-and sub-acicular falcigers similar. Pygidium not modified, with two lobes; anal cirri faintly articulated, as long as last 3 ...
Context 2
... homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size towards tip. Neuropodial heterogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth fine, decreasing towards tip (Fig. 4F); heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth fine, distal tooth stout (Fig. 4G), supra-and sub-acicular falcigers similar. Pygidium not modified, with two lobes; anal cirri faintly articulated, as long as last 3 ...
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Citations
... When available, the number of paragnaths of holotype/lectotype is mentioned first in the descriptions, followed by the range of variation in paratypes/paralectotypes and additional material in parentheses. For describing parapodia of atoke and epitoke specimens, Villalobos-Guerrero & Bakken (2018) and Conde-Vela et al. (2018) terminologies were followed, and Conde-Vela (2018) and Villalobos-Guerrero (2019) were followed for describing pharyngeal characteristics. The proposal of Conde-Vela (2018) for determining the position and number of bands and rows was used, and it was improved to depict all the PalPs. ...
Perinereis anderssoni Kinberg, 1865 originally described from Brazil has been attributed with a wide distribution on the American Atlantic coasts, ranging from Brazil to Bermuda, due to the synonymy of Nereis bairdii Webster, 1884 and Nereis (Perinereis) melanocephala McIntosh, 1885. In this paper, the synonymy of Nereis bairdii with Perinereis anderssoni is rejected based on a re-examination of the syntypes of N. bairdii which are found to contain two species requiring designation of a lectotype and paralectotypes here redescribed as Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and the remaining specimens are here described as Perinereis websteri sp. nov. The synonymy of Nereis (Perinereis) melanocephala with P. anderssoni is rejected and the synonymy with P. bairdii proposed by previous authors is accepted here. A description of P. anderssoni, a redescription of P. floridana, and a description of the males of P. cariboea with additional material are provided for comparison. A key to identifying all Atlantic Perinereis species is also included.
... Parapodia (Figure 1(c,d)). The terminology for atokous parapodial features follows Villalobos-Guerrero and with some modifications, and that for the epitokal features is based on Read (2007) together with some recent modifications by Conde-Vela et al. (2018) and Villalobos-Guerrero and . Moreover, we have noticed that in Composetia the dorsal ligule is divided into two main regions: proximal and distal (Figure 1 (c)). ...
... It has been asserted that Nereididae can exhibit epitokal modifcation patterns at the generic level (Pamungkas and Glasby 2015;Conde-Vela et al. 2018;Conde-Vela and Wu 2019;Villalobos-Guerrero and Idris 2021). Two cases where epitokal morphology evidently aided in distinguishing similar genera are Kainonereis Chamberlin, 1919 and Sinonereis Sun, 1979 (Conde-Vela andWu 2019). ...
Composetia Hartmann-Schröder, 1985 (Nereididae de Blainville, 1818), to which 51 species with broadly heterogeneous characteristics were previously assigned, is reviewed based upon the examination of the type material of the type species, C. costae (Grube, 1840), and seven other species. According to our designation of the lectotype of C. costae, a generic definition of Composetia is established, and taxonomic issues about C. costae are addressed. The current taxonomic status of several species similar to or previously synonymised with C. costae is re-evaluated. Based on the redefinition of Composetia, the taxonomic status of all species previously regarded as Composetia is reassessed. Consequently, three species are moved to two newly established genera based on their type material: Parasetia gen. nov., comprising the single species P. irritabilis (Webster, 1879) comb. nov.; and Potamonereis gen. nov., embracing P. kumensis (Sato, 2020) comb. nov. and P. tokashikiensis (Sato, 2020) comb. nov. Additionally, one species is redescribed and transferred to Leonnates, L. microcephala (Grube, 1878) comb. nov. Ten species currently remain in Composetia, and two of them, C. brasiliensis (McIntosh, 1885) and C. versipedata (Ehlers, 1887), are redescribed. Nereis articulata Ehlers, 1887, previously considered a member of Composetia, has a doubtful identity requiring further investigation. Although the generic placement of many of the remaining species is uncertain, we present our tentative re-evaluations for each of them. Keys are included for identifying all genera similar to Composetia, and for identifying all species within Composetia and Potamonereis gen. nov.
... Also, these Platynereis species have other morphological differences such as the number of chaetigers in pre-natatory region, or the shape of the metamorphosed pygidium in males (Read 2007). Kainonereis species also show differences, albeit subtle, in their epitokal metamorphosis (Conde-Vela et al. 2018): they may differ in the antennae being modified, the shape and position of dorsal discs, or the presence of lappets behind the eyes. Gravier & Dantan (1934) noted the discrepancy in the epitokal patterns of the Ceratonereis species they described (as Nereis (Ceratonereis), C. singularis, C. incisa, and C. imperfecta), and thought that there is a possibility that they belonged to distinct subgenera. ...
... This is very important if future researchers include epitoke morphology in phylogenetic analyses. Instead of the atoke morphology, the epitoke morphology enables us distinguishing Kainonereis from Nicon and Rullierinereis, and Sinonereis from Kainonereis and Nicon ( Conde-Vela et al. 2018;Conde-Vela & Wu 2019), where Kainonereis species have variations in the epitokal transformation of antennae and eyes. Recently, Villalobos-Guerrero & Idris (2021) addressed the large epitokal variations found in current Neanthes Kinberg, 1865 species, reinforcing the idea that Neanthes in non-monophyletic as already pointed in previous analyses (Bakken & Wilson 2005), and the possibility of using both the atoke and epitokal morphology to separate genera and species. ...
Currently, there are four recorded species of Ceratonereis Kinberg, 1865 in the Caribbean Sea; three of them are regarded as amphiamerican or widespread. This review intends to improve the current knowledge of these Ceratonereis species; descriptions and illustrations are presented based on type and additional material, including new records. After the examination of type material, the synonymy of Ceratonereis gracilis (Webster, 1884) with C. mirabilis Kinberg, 1865 is rejected, and C. gracilis is reinstated. Ceratonereis maya n. sp. is described based on records of C. excisa Grube Mller in Grube, 1873 and C. singularis Treadwell, 1929, and C. nancyae n. sp. is described based on records of C. mirabilis, from the Caribbean Sea. The examination of the type material of Nereis singularis Treadwell, 1943 showed it is not a species of Ceratonereis but belongs in Platynereis Kinberg, 1865, and the new combination Platynereis singularis is proposed. The epitokal morphology of the available specimens is described and discussed. Epitokes of Ceratonereis show more than one epitokal pattern, raising questions about the use of epitokal morphology to define genera or species. An annotated key for American Ceratonereis species is also included.
... The overall morphological modifications in epitokous nereidids are relatively well known (Fauvel 1916(Fauvel , 1923Fage & Legendre 1927;Gravier & Dantan 1927, 1928Durchon 1952Durchon , 1965Durchon , 1984Reish 1954;Clark 1961;Pettibone 1963;Schroeder & Hermans 1975;Wu et al. 1981;Khlebovich 1996;Wilson 2000;Read 2007;Pamungkas & Glasby 2015;Peixoto & Santos 2016;Bakken et al. 2018;Conde-Vela et al. 2018;de León-González et al. 2020). These changes consist in the division of the body in two (pre-natatory and natatory) or three (also post-natatory) regions, the compressed and flattened natatory chaetigers, the enlargement of prostomium and eyes, the swelling of a few first pre-natatory parapodial cirri, the appearance of swimming chaetae and lamellae in natatory parapodia, the presence of papillae on the pygidium and in some natatory parapodial cirri, the extensive histolysis of the digestive tube and specific muscles, and the reorganisation of the musculature. ...
Neanthes Kinberg, 1865 is a speciose nereidid genus with some species exhibiting epitoky during the timing of reproduction. The epitokal morphology of males and females has long been agreed to be diagnostic to distinguish species. In the present study, we provide redescriptions of the type material and reassess the current taxonomic status of four Neanthes species originally described based on the reproductive forms of specimens collected from Southeast Asia: Neanthes augeneri (Gravier & Dantan, 1934), N. gisserana (Horst, 1924), N. trifasciata (Grube, 1878) and N. trifasciata vandersandei (Horst, 1924). The non-metamorphosed and epitokous diagnostic features, including new characters found in this study, were used to redescribe and distinguish these species from other congeners. The four species are here recognised in Neanthes, whereby N. vandersandei is elevated to species level. Neanthes gisserana is considered distinct from its previous senior synonym N. rubicunda (Ehlers, 1868). Morphology of both N. trifasciata and N. vandersandei, originally described based on mixed species, is restricted. Additionally, some remarks on the status of N. thysanota (Ehlers, 1908) are given. Distributional and reproductive data of the reviewed species are provided. An updated checklist of 80 valid species in Neanthes and synoptic tables of diagnostic features including the atokous and epitokous morphology are also presented.
... There are many taxonomic problems in species of Polynoidae and other polychaetes, some related to their original descriptions being brief or in Latin, others based on a single specimen in poor condition (Salazar-Vallejo 2017; Wang et al. 2018), as well as due to the traditional approach under which polychaetes species with supposed wide distribution were synonymized. Thus the reevaluation of the type materials has allowed researchers to clarify the species' identity, its generic status, geographical distribution and even the recognition of new, previously confused species (Conde-Vela et al. 2018;Delgado-Blas and Carrera-Parra 2018). ...
Phyllohartmania Pettibone, 1961 is a monotypic genus in the subfamily Polynoinae Kinberg, 1856. It is characterized by having lateral antennae with ventral ceratophores, cephalic peaks and neuropodia with pre-chaetal lobes being longer than post-chaetal lobes. Phyllohartmania taylori Pettibone, 1961 was described using only one specimen collected at Bird Point, Seahorse Key, Florida. During a study of Polynoids from the Grand Caribbean to corroborate features and records, the holotype and additional material of P. taylori housed at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution were
examined and an unknown genus of Eulagiscinae Pettibone, 1997 confused with Phyllohartmania was found; the present study erects this as a new genus. Kristianides gen. nov. is distinguished by having prostomium without cephalic peaks, lateral antennae inserted terminally on indistinct ceratophores and notopodia and neuropodia with projecting acicular lobes well developed. Kristianides cylindricum sp. nov.
differs from the other species of Eulagiscinae by having ventral lamellae; 15 pairs of elytra with fringe of papillae, surface with sclerotized microtubercles and macrotubercles; being conical the microtubercles and cylindrical the macrotubercles. In addition, two records of P. taylori from the northern Gulf of Mexico are published herein, as is a taxonomic key to differentiate Kristianides gen. nov. from its congeners in Eulagiscinae. This finding also increases the number of species with ventral lamellae, a convergent feature.
Key words: Eulagiscinae, Polynoinae, Convergent features, Worms, Mississippi Sound, Elytra.
Nereidid polychaetes are well known from shallow marine habitats, but their diversity in the deep sea is poorly known. Here we describe an unusual new nereidid species found at methane seeps off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Specimens of Pectinereis strickrotti gen. nov., sp. nov. had been observed dating back to 2009 swimming just above the seafloor at ~1,000 m depth but were not successfully captured until 2018. Male epitokes were collected as well as a fragment of an infaunal female found in a pushcore sample. The specimens were all confirmed as the same species based on mitochondrial COI. Phylogenetic analyses, including one based on available whole mitochondrial genomes for nereidids, revealed no close relative, allowing for the placement of the new species in its own genus within the subfamily Nereidinae. This was supported by the unusual non-reproductive and epitokous morphology, including parapodial cirrostyles as pectinate gills, hooked aciculae, elfin-shoe-shaped ventral cirrophores, and elongate, fusiform dorsal ligules emerging sub-medially to enlarged cirrophores. Additionally, the gill-bearing subfamily Dendronereidinae, generally regarded as a junior synonym of Gymnonereidinae, is reviewed and it is here reinstated and as a monogeneric taxon.
Nereididae is among the most familiar of marine annelid families, common and well-studied in most marine environments but paradoxically no recent key or identification guide exists to the world’s genera. Here updated generic descriptions, a list of characters, a linear key to genera, and minimal diagnoses that distinguish each genus from all others in the family are provided. This information is generated from a Delta database of 186 morphological characters and a link is provided to downloadable software allowing the same data to be interrogated using the open-source Delta program Intkey – a nonlinear multiple entry point computerised interactive key. For each genus the recent literature is also summarised, comments on taxonomic status provided, and published keys to species cited. Nexus format matrices are provided for all 45 genera and 158 Nereididae species, representing all genera, scored for 146 multistate characters from the same character list to facilitate future phylogenetic studies.
Three new eyeless species of Nereis from organic falls (whale bones and wood parcels) in the Southwestern Atlantic from depths between 550 and 3285 m are described, and the eyeless species Neanthes shinkai is transferred to Nereis. All new species and Nereis shinkai comb. nov. can be distinguished from the majority of Nereis species by the absence of eyes and by the presence of small and delicate paragnaths. Interestingly, the species Nereis anoculepitoka sp. nov. presents epitoky, with sexual dimorphism and the morphological variations described herein. This is the first description of an eyeless epitoke form from organic falls in the deep ocean. We conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses using COI and 16S mitochondrial genes, confirmed the morphological identification and established an eyeless clade within Nereis including the three new species and Nereis shinkai comb. nov. The presence of different species in a relatively small geographical area can be explained, in part, by the action of different water masses in each sampling site and suggests that organic islands are potential hotspots for specialization of Nereis in the deep sea.
Aaron Louis Treadwell proposed a large number of new taxa, and several of them are regarded as synonyms. Treadwell proposed 32 new species in the family Nereididae, and a few of them have been re-evaluated. Here, the validity of 4 species is reassessed based on the examination of type material of 3 Nereis species and 1 Perinereis: N. arroyensis, N. largoensis, and P. diversidentata are regarded as valid species, and the synonymy of Nereis disparsetosa Treadwell, 1932 with Pseudonereis palpata (Treadwell, 1923) is confirmed. A commented table of the nereidid species proposed by Treadwell is also included.
A new species of the nereidid annelid, genus Nicon Kinberg, 1866, from KIOST Seamount, Northwest Pacific deep water is described. Nicon is a genus characterized by lacking paragnaths or papillae on the pharynx and composed of nine species worldwide, distributed from shallow water to deep sea. Nicon ablepsia sp. nov. here described is characterized by the lack of eyes on the prostomium, prolonged tentacular cirri reaching to chaetiger 6, notochaetae homogomph spinigers, neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers. Phylogenetic relationships of Nicon remain undetermined based on molecular data. In this study, we constructed molecular Maximum-Likelihood phylogenetic tree from 29 nereidid species based on four marker genes: mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene; nuclear 18S rRNA gene and 28S rRNA gene. Our analysis suggest the Nicon is clustered within Nereidinae, and nereidinae is not recovered as monophyletic. A key to species of Nicon is provided.
