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Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.): (A) whole plant, (B) tubers, (C) leaves, and (D) flowers.
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The large-scale development of herbivorous animal husbandry in China has increased the demand for forage products. However, due to scarce land resources and poor soil quality, forage is in short supply. In particular, high-quality forage in China heavily relies on imports. The contradiction between supply and demand for forage grass products is inc...
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... leading to the scarcity of pasture resources. Jerusalem artichoke (JA, Helianthus tuberosus. L) is a plant with strong stress resistance and considerable nutritional value. It is a perennial herb of the family Asteraceae originally from North America (Cardellina, 2015). Pictures of the whole plant, tubers, leaves, and flowers of JA are shown in Fig. ...
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Existing information in the literature on the variation in tuber yield and their inulin content, depending on the variety and soil and climatic conditions of Helianthus tuberosus L., is limited. For this reason, in the pedoclimatic conditions from ARDS Secuieni (Center of Moldova) and from ARDS Caracal (Oltenia Plain) was conducted a study regardin...
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... The crop is widely distributed in a wide range of ecoclimatic regions in China, such as boreal, montane, and coastal environments, owing to its high adaptability and strong stress resistance [2]. Its underground tubers contain considerable amounts of carbohydrates and abundant fructose polymers, such as inulin and starch, and are often consumed as a vegetable and used for functional food applications, pharmaceutical purposes, and biofuel production [3][4][5]. Furthermore, its aerial parts are characterized By adding different exogenous PGRs to the culture medium, distinct changes both in the endogenous hormone levels and physiological and biochemical reactions were observed in the cultured products [27,31]. Antioxidant enzymes can scavenge reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products, and their activity is commonly enhanced when suffering from biotic or abiotic stresses [32]. ...
... In total, one auxin (IAA), two cytokinins (6-BA and ZT), gibberellin (GA 3 ), and ABA were detected as presented in Figure 7. Significant differences in the content of all the analyzed endogenous hormones were found between the two types of shoots ( Figure 7A-E). As compared to the typical shoots, the atypical shoots accumulated (p < 0.01) a significantly larger amount of endogenous IAA ( Figure 7A) and ABA ( Figure 7E), whereas the content of 6-BA ( Figure 7B), ZT ( Figure 7C), and GA 3 ( Figure 7D) was significantly lower (p < 0.05 for 6-BA and ZT; p < 0.01 for GA 3 ). An approximately 9-fold and 5.8-fold difference was detected in the GA 3 and ABA content between the two types of shoots, respectively. ...
The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) is a tuberous plant with considerable nutrient and bioactive compounds. The optimization of the in vitro clonal propagation protocol is critical for large-scale reproduction and biotechnological applications of Jerusalem artichoke production. In this work, in vitro plant regeneration from the stem nodes of the Jerusalem artichoke via direct organogenesis is presented. In the shoot induction stage, the stem segments produced more shoots with vigorous growth on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA). The concentrations of 6-BA and gibberellic acid (GA3) were both optimized at 0.5 mg/L for shoot multiplication, and the combination of 0.05 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.05 mg/L 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) was the most responsive for root induction, yielding the largest number of roots. The regenerated plantlets were successfully hardened at a 96% survival rate and vigorously grew in the field. The genetic stability of the regenerated plants was confirmed by flow cytometry and simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis. However, 17.3% of shoots on the optimum shoot induction medium had withered leaves and excessive callus (atypical shoots), which greatly reduced the induction efficiency. Enzyme activity in the typical and atypical shoots was compared. The atypical shoots had significantly higher levels of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), as well as increased activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), whereas the content of 6-BA, zeatin (ZT), and GA3 was significantly reduced. The activity of the three enzymes was positively correlated with the content of IAA and ABA, while being negatively correlated with that of 6-BA, ZT, and GA3. The results suggest that the poor growth of the atypical shoots might be closely related to the significant accumulation of endogenous IAA and ABA, thus significantly increasing antioxidant enzyme activity.
... It is well established that, the JA tubers are the main organ of this plant for human foods, animal feeds, and inulin processing. The JA tubers have four distinguished changes during different period of growth including the forming of creeping stem, the forming of tubers, the swelling of tubers and the maturation of tubers, which needs 9, 17, 22 and 24 weeks, respectively (Zhao et al. 2020). ...
... The stem organized into nodes where leaves are attached and internodes, the regions between nodes (Mauseth, 2017). Some investigations have been published regarding the stem of JA to be focused on the potential applications of JA stems Wang et al. 2020), as a valuable feedstock for biorefinery (Qiu et al. 2018;Gao and Yuan 2019;Kotsanopoulos et al. 2019), or industrial purposes (Chen et al. 2019 andShao et al. 2019) and for sustainable protein supply (Kaszás et al. 2020), but the anatomical studies of JA still need more concern particularly under changing and stressed environments. ...
... It is well established that, the JA tubers are the main organ of this plant for human foods, animal feeds, and inulin processing. The JA tubers have four distinguished changes during different period of growth including the forming of creeping stem, the forming of tubers, the swelling of tubers and the maturation of tubers, which needs 9, 17, 22 and 24 weeks, respectively (Zhao et al. 2020). ...
... The stem organized into nodes where leaves are attached and internodes, the regions between nodes (Mauseth, 2017). Some investigations have been published regarding the stem of JA to be focused on the potential applications of JA stems Wang et al. 2020), as a valuable feedstock for biorefinery (Qiu et al. 2018;Gao and Yuan 2019;Kotsanopoulos et al. 2019), or industrial purposes (Chen et al. 2019 andShao et al. 2019) and for sustainable protein supply (Kaszás et al. 2020), but the anatomical studies of JA still need more concern particularly under changing and stressed environments. ...
... In recent years, China's livestock industry, especially the dairy industry, has been developing rapidly, and the overall demand for alfalfa forage has been increasing [5,6]. In the context of the imbalance between alfalfa forage supply and demand, large-scale, intensive, mechanized, and specialized alfalfa forage production is one of the important methods applied to solve the problem [7,8]. A timely and accurate determination of alfalfa growth dynamics and forage yield is of great significance in large-scale alfalfa forage production management [9]. ...
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a widely planted perennial legume forage plant with excellent quality and high yield. In production, it is very important to determine alfalfa growth dynamics and forage yield in a timely and accurate manner. This study focused on inverse algorithms for predicting alfalfa forage yield in large-scale alfalfa production. We carried out forage yield and aboveground biomass (AGB) field surveys at different times in 2022. The correlations among the reflectance of different satellite remote sensing bands, vegetation indices, and alfalfa forage yield/AGB were analyzed, additionally the suitable bands and vegetation indices for alfalfa forage yield inversion algorithms were screened, and the performance of the statistical models and machine learning (ML) algorithms for alfalfa forage yield inversion were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that (1) regarding different harvest times, the alfalfa forage yield inversion model for first-harvest alfalfa had relatively large differences in growth, and the simulation accuracy of the alfalfa forage yield inversion model was higher than that for the other harvest times, with the growth of the second- and third-harvest alfalfa being more homogeneous and the simulation accuracy of the forage yield inversion model being relatively low. (2) In the alfalfa forage yield inversion model based on a single parameter, the moisture-related vegetation indices, such as the global vegetation moisture index (GVMI), normalized difference water index (NDWI) and normalized difference infrared index (NDII), had higher coefficients of correlation with alfalfa forage yield/AGB, and the coefficients of correlation R2 values for the first-harvest alfalfa were greater than 0.50, with the NDWI correlation being the best with an R2 value of 0.60. (3) For the alfalfa forage yield inversion model constructed with vegetation indices and band reflectance as multiparameter variables, the random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) simulation accuracy was higher than that of the alfalfa forage yield inversion model based on a single parameter; the first-harvest alfalfa R2 values based on the multiparameter RF and SVM models were both 0.65, the root mean square errors (RMSEs) were 329.74 g/m2 and 332.32 g/m2, and the biases were −0.47 g/m2 and −2.24 g/m2, respectively. The vegetation indices related to plant water content can be considered using a single parameter inversion model for alfalfa forage yield, the vegetation indices and band reflectance can be considered using a multiparameter inversion model for alfalfa forage yield, and ML algorithms are also an optimal choice. The findings in this study can provide technical support for the effective and strategic production management of large-scale alfalfa.
... A major non-sucrose polysaccharide in JA is high molecular weight inulin. Recently, the JA have been widely used as the producing multiple biofuels , foods (Radovanovic et al., 2015), drugs (Sawicka et al., 2020) and functional feeds (Yang et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2020). Despite the rapid development of sequencing technology has been expanding, genome research limitations persist due to its genomic features. ...
... Lowercase letters indicate differences by Tukey's HSD post hoc test. Vertical bars denote § s.e. and forages (Wang et al., 2020;Manokhina et al.,2022). Polyploidy has conferred diverse advantages to the development of important agronomic traits, especially often show prominent vegetative growth advantages. ...
Genome survey technology The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) holds great significance as a crop for inulin production. However, the absence of a sequenced Jerusalem artichoke genome has hindered the advancement of genetic resources and molecular research regarding this plant. Furthermore, no research the investigations into potential variations in genome size among Jerusalem artichoke species and their impact on agronomic traits have not been conducted. This study endeavors to explore the genome size of Jer-usalem artichoke and its interaction with the plant's agronomy. To estimate the genome size of Jerusalem artichoke, the cultivar JA1155 underwent genome analysis using flow cytometry and K-mers. Additionally, flow cytometry was employed to determine the genome size of eight remaining Jerusalem artichoke germ-plasms and establish a correlation with their phenotypic characteristics. The results of flow cytometry revealed an estimated genome size (2C) of 21.96 Gb for JA1155. Moreover, the Genome Survey results indicated that the genome size of JA1155 (2C) was estimated to be 21.36 Gb, mirroring the findings of flow cytometry. The heterozygosity rate of the JA1155 gene set was 1.21%, with a duplication rate of 92.25%. Following the initial genome assembly, the contig N50 reached 165 bp, encompassing a total length of 10,616.86 Mbp, while the scaffold N50 was 172 bp, totaling 10,772.62 Mbp in length. Flow cytometry results demonstrated a wide range of genome sizes among the measured Jerusalem artichoke genomes, ranging from 20.51 to 23.23 Gb (2C). Additionally, we discovered significant correlations between genome size and several agronomic traits in Jerusalem artichoke, namely total tuber weight (p<0.01, r=0.474), leaf length (p<0.01, r=0.319), plant height (p<0.01, r=0.267), and aboveground weight (p<0.05, r=0.229). This study not only aids in completing the genome sequencing of Jerusalem artichoke but also offers valuable insights into the connection between genome size and agronomic traits. Future research should address the interplay of these mechanisms by tackling various related inquiries.
... В последние десятилетие наблюдается устойчивое возрастание интереса к этой культуре. Топинамбур рассматривается не только как пищевое и кормовое растение, но и как источник инулина и ряда ценных витаминов и микроэлементов -суперфуд, как лечебное, техническое растение, в том числе для производства биотоплива, и даже как биологическая защита от некоторых инвазивных видов (Matei et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2020;Shen et al., 2021;etc.). Его выращивают и изучают в разных регионах нашей страны (Zelenkov, 2017;Smekalova et al., 2018;Anushkevich et al., 2019;etc.) ...
Background. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is a valuable agricultural plant, characterized by mostly vegetative propagation and depression of sexual process. This feature notably impedes breeding improvement of both Jerusalem artichoke and its hybrids with sunflower. That is why a detailed investigation of possible reasons for the failure of seed setting is very important for this crop.
Materials and methods. Jerusalem artichoke accessions from the VIR collection: cvs. ‘Topianka’ (k-70), ‘М-24-29’ (k-90), ‘2М-22-29’ (k-119), Skatovsky (k-123), and ‘Kievsky krasny’ (k-170), grown at Maikop Experiment Station of VIR, were examined. The material for embryological analysis was fixed at the stage of anthesis, processed, and analyzed at the Embryology and Reproductive Biology Lab of the Komarov Botanical Institute.
Results. A cytomorphological analysis of pollen grains and examination of anther walls and ovules with embryo sacs showed that from 51 to 95 % of the pollen grains and from 23.1 % to 66.6 % of the embryo sacs were formed normally. Abnormalities in female reproductive structures appeared more frequently but they did not determine the poor seed setting. Among the studied accessions, both cvs. ‘Kievsky krasny’, with the greatest number of abnormalities in male and female reproductive structures, and ‘Topianka’, with the smallest number, produced almost no seeds. The greatest number of seeds (from 207 to 1164) were set in ‘2M-22-29’, with the medium amount of normal generative structures, both male (pollen fertility was 81 %) and female ones (59,4 % of viable embryo sacs). Self-incompatibility observed in cv. ‘Topianka’ could cause the pollination failure, destruction of normal embryo sacs, and seed production decrease.
Conclusion. Thus, a combination of several factors (absence of developmental abnormalities in generative structures, crosspollination, and a compatible pollinizer) is necessary for successful seed setting in Jerusalem artichoke.
... Currently, ∼10% of the total land is degraded by salinity (Ruan et al., 2010) and up to 41% by drought (D'Odorico et al., 2013). Therefore, it is not unexpected that a large effort is devoted to repairing or restoring the deteriorating land (Zhang et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2020). Cultivation of native plant species could be a viable alternative to rehabilitating such degraded land (El-Keblawy and Ksiksi, 2005). ...
... Under severe salt stress, halophytes can absorb and synthesize ions and solutes to maintain osmotic pressure, and protein and fiber synthesis may be affected (Muchate et al., 2016). In addition, antioxidants synthesized by halophytes to detoxify reactive oxygen species are critical to forage nutritive values (Norman et al., 2013;Wang et al., 2020). Therefore, whether or not S. salsa can be used as forage and how its forage nutritive value changes under irrigation with high-salinity water are unclear. ...
... Currently, ∼10% of the total land is degraded by salinity (Ruan et al., 2010) and up to 41% by drought (D'Odorico et al., 2013). Therefore, it is not unexpected that a large effort is devoted to repairing or restoring the deteriorating land (Zhang et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2020). Cultivation of native plant species could be a viable alternative to rehabilitating such degraded land (El-Keblawy and Ksiksi, 2005). ...
... Under severe salt stress, halophytes can absorb and synthesize ions and solutes to maintain osmotic pressure, and protein and fiber synthesis may be affected (Muchate et al., 2016). In addition, antioxidants synthesized by halophytes to detoxify reactive oxygen species are critical to forage nutritive values (Norman et al., 2013;Wang et al., 2020). Therefore, whether or not S. salsa can be used as forage and how its forage nutritive value changes under irrigation with high-salinity water are unclear. ...
... Mahrous et al. 2016 andErmosh et al. 2020, determined in Jerusalem artichoke tubers an amount of C vitamin comprised between 17-18.64 mg/100 g f.s. Thus, Yue Wang et al. (2020) found in Jerusalem artichoke tubers a C vitamin content between 7-26 mg/100 g f.s. In our research, the highest amount of C vitamin (9.41 mg/100 g f.s.) was recorded in the variant fertilized with N80P80K80 at a density of 35000 plants/ha (A2B1) (Figure 4f). ...
Jerusalem artichoke grows underground tubers that store fructans, primarily inulin, which are considered as prebiotics and functional dietary fibre with positive physiological benefits on human health. The aim of this study was to assess the yield and nutritional quality of Jerusalem artichoke tubers according to different cropping systems on dry sandy soils from Southern Romania. The experiments were carried out during 2018-2020 at the Research and Development Station for Plant Culture on Sands Dăbuleni, using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental combined factors applied were fertilization with plants density (5×2). After the tubers were harvested, their quality was evaluated using standard methods. The results suggest that Jerusalem artichoke crop has minimal requirements for fertilization and tolerates very well high plants density without affecting significantly the yield and the nutritional features analysed, respectively the contents in total dry matter, soluble dry matter, inulin, soluble carbo-hydrates and C vitamin. A significant positive correlation was determined between the soluble dry matter and soluble carbohydrates content. The assessed biochemical compounds displayed high values in both fertilized and unfertilized conditions and in both densities, showing that Jerusalem artichoke is a perennial crop with multifunctional high growing potential in marginal terrains usually improper for the conventional crops.
... Under severe salt stress, halophytes can absorb and synthesize ions and solutes to maintain osmotic pressure, and protein and fiber synthesis may be affected (Muchate et al., 2016). In addition, antioxidants synthesized by halophytes to detoxify reactive oxygen species are critical to forage nutritive values (Norman et al., 2013;Wang et al., 2020). Therefore, whether or not S. salsa can be used as forage and how its forage nutritive value changes under irrigation with high-salinity water are unclear. ...
Sustainable agricultural development in semiarid and arid regions is severely restricted by soil and water salinization. Cultivation of the representative halophyte Suaeda salsa, which can be irrigated with saline water and cultivated on saline soils, is considered to be a potential solution to the issues of freshwater scarcity, soil salinization, and fodder shortage. However, the salt removal capacity and differences in the forage nutritive value of S. salsa under different saline water treatments remain unknown. Using the methods of field trials and randomized blocks design, we quantified salt accumulation in the aboveground biomass, and the biochemical and nutritive value of field-cultivated S. salsa in arid northwestern China under irrigation with water of different salinities [i.e., freshwater or water containing10, 20, 30, or 40 g/L NaCl). The fresh and dry weights of S. salsa increased, then decreased, with increase in salinity. The salt content of the plant’s aboveground biomass increased to a constant range and, thus, the salt extraction of S. salsa was relatively stable under different salinities of irrigation water. Under the experimental conditions, the crude protein content significantly increased to 9.45% dry weight (DW) and then decreased to 6.85% DW, with an increase in salinity (p < 0.05). The neutral detergent fiber (42.93%–50.00% DW) and acid detergent fiber (34.76%–39.70% DW) contents were suitable for forage. The contents of trace elements, such as copper and zinc, were significantly increased after irrigation with saline water (p < 0.05). The forage of S. salsa is of high nutritive value for livestock, and contains low concentrations of anti-nutrients. Therefore, S. salsa can be considered for cultivation in saline soils irrigated with saline water. In addition, it provides a viable additional source of fodder in arid regions, where the availability of freshwater and non-saline arable land is limited.
