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The semiconductor pixel detectors Medipix2, Timepix and Medipix3 (256x256 square pixels, 55x55 μm each) are superior imaging devices in terms of spatial resolution, linearity and dynamic range. This makes them suitable for various applications such as radiography, neutronography, micro-tomography and X-ray dynamic defectoscopy. In order to control...
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... the MFC (Microsoft Foundation Class) Graphical User Interface (GUI) is dependent on the Microsoft Windows operating system, and it is not compatible with other platforms, it has been replaced by a new Java interface (see figure 2) that allows users to employ the software on multiple platforms while keeping the same graphical outlay, level of visualization and operation. ...
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... While there already exist programs that could be viewed as reasonable first choices for this purpose, in practice the range of options is limited by various considerations. Out of readily available academic packages [3][4][5][6], many are no longer actively maintained. This may shift one's focus towards industrial solutions [7] or universal DAQ frameworks [8,9]. ...
Fast, incremental evolution of physics instrumentation raises the question of efficient software abstraction and transferability of algorithms across similar technologies. This contribution aims to provide an answer by introducing Track Lab, a modern data acquisition program focusing on extensibility and high performance. Shipping with documented API and more than 20 standard modules, Track Lab allows complex analysis pipelines to be constructed from simple, reusable building blocks. Thanks to multi-threaded infrastructure, data can be clustered, filtered, aggregated and plotted concurrently in real-time. In addition, full hardware support for Timepix2, Timepix3 pixel detectors and embedded photomultiplier systems enables such analysis to be carried out online during data acquisition. Repetitive procedures can be automated with support for motorized stages and X-ray tubes. Freely distributed on 7 popular operating systems and 2 CPU architectures, Track Lab is a versatile tool for high energy physics research.
... A photo of the final assembly is reported in Fig. 7. The data acquisition is managed by Pixelman software [18]. With this software, it is possible to set all the parameters for the data acquisition and also see in real-time the acquired data. ...
Neutron imaging provides additional information to X-ray imaging and can be used in many applications, for example, nuclear engineering, non-industrial diagnostics and homeland security. This paper presents the latest development results of a new 3D structured pixel detector for thermal neutron detection and imaging. The device is based on Medipix/Timepix read-out chip family. The detector, without converter materials, was initially tested in the laboratory with a 241Am source, to simulate events that are induced by reaction products of active material in the silicon bulk. Thanks to the analysis of the size of event clusters and deposited energy, α particles and noise signals were discriminated. The detector was also tested with β and γ sources, to study the effect of other radiation on the device. These results can be useful as a starting point for future experiments, where a neutron source will be used, after filling the cavities with active materials, such as 6Li or 10B. In this paper, the results of the characterization and a comparison between experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations are shown.
... This has important consequences which are discussed further in this work. Furthermore, the detector is controlled via USB3 through PixetPro, a proprietary control software from ADVACAM, based on the deprecated Pixelman [24]. ...
Nowadays, the detection of backscatter X-rays has become an essential part of road security scanners, where individuals are at risk of an accidental exposure to the pulsed photon radiation fields generated by the devices that implement this technique. Dose to soft-tissue measurements of a pulsed radiation field generated by a commercial cargo X-ray backscattering device are presented using a Timepix3 detector. To accurately estimate the imparted dose, the energy spectrum of a backscattering cargo scanner is measured with a thick CdZnTe hybrid semiconductor pixel detector. The deconvolution of this measured spectrum is performed and the contributions to the dose are calculated by means of the mass energy-absorption coefficients for soft-tissue. This methodology was assessed through a Monte-Carlo simulation, together with verification measurements using thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) as a standard dosimetry system. Measurements of direct irradiation, for a 30 s scan with the device at 2 m from the detector, yielded a dose of (4.9 ± 0.7) μGy and (3.6 ± 0.3) μGy for the Timepix3 and TLDs, respectively. In a simulated cargo environment, with the detector behind a 1 mm thick steel wall, 30 s scan time, and 2 m source to detector distance, the dose measured by the Timepix3 was (1.7 ± 0.1) μGy, while for the TLDs (1.4 ± 0.6) μGy, showing that the proposed methodology has a similar response as compared to a standard dosimetry system.
... The most common way of obtaining reliable and exact information for a study is known as information assortment. Information procurement is the most common way of gathering information to direct research and illustrating how the information is accumulated from a solid source [22]. ...
The most common cause of mortality and disability globally right now is cholangiocarcinoma, one of the worst forms of cancer that may affect people. When cholangiocarcinoma develops, the DNA of the bile duct cells is altered. Cholangiocarcinoma claims the lives of about 7000 individuals annually. Women pass away less often than men. Asians have the greatest fatality rate. Following Whites (20%) and Asians (22%), African Americans (45%) saw the greatest increase in cholangiocarcinoma mortality between 2021 and 2022. For instance, 60–70% of cholangiocarcinoma patients have local infiltration or distant metastases, which makes them unable to receive a curative surgical procedure. Across the board, the median survival time is less than a year. Many researchers work hard to detect cholangiocarcinoma, but this is after the appearance of symptoms, which is late detection. If cholangiocarcinoma progression is detected at an earlier stage, then it will help doctors and patients in treatment. Therefore, an ensemble deep learning model (EDLM), which consists of three deep learning algorithms—long short-term model (LSTM), gated recurrent units (GRUs), and bi-directional LSTM (BLSTM)—is developed for the early identification of cholangiocarcinoma. Several tests are presented, such as a 10-fold cross-validation test (10-FCVT), an independent set test (IST), and a self-consistency test (SCT). Several statistical techniques are used to evaluate the proposed model, such as accuracy (Acc), sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), and Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC). There are 672 mutations in 45 distinct cholangiocarcinoma genes among the 516 human samples included in the proposed study. The IST has the highest Acc at 98%, outperforming all other validation approaches.
... The Dexela flat panel detector with 1944 × 1536 pixels, 200 μm CsI scintillation crystal, and 74.8 μm pixel pitch is used to acquire the scans. The detector operates by in-house python scripts executed by Pixet software [6]. The sample mounts on a rotational stage between the source and the detector and the magnification can be set according to the measurement requirements. ...
... The yellow line represents the standard deviation calculated for voxels in the chosen row and column, it provides a comprehensive comparison of the streak's effect at each tilting angle. While a peak is visible in the range (35-55), two valleys of standard deviation surrounding the peak can be noticeable in the ranges (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) and (60-67). Similar calculations were performed for different intersected rows and columns inside the epoxy layer and the results were the same. ...
... The data fusion approach performs better for ranges that produce a lower standard deviation between voxels of the same material bearing in mind choosing volumes that contain streaks at different locations. Therefore tilting angles in the ranges (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) and (60-67) should produce the best-fused volume which is verified in the next section. ...
In this paper, defect inspection related to an epoxy underfilling process between integrated circuits (ICs) and printed circuit boards (PCBs) is presented utilizing the data fusion of multipositional computed tomography (DFMCT). The work aims to verify the existence of underfilling epoxy which was not possible utilizing standard computed tomography due to strong metal artifacts created by ball grid array (BGA) packages. By interpreting the results obtained from the scanned samples, we were able to correlate the excess epoxy defects and the success of the underfilling process. We present the data fusion approach as an alternative method when traditional metal artifact reduction methods would be insufficient. The study was commenced by making a proper radiographic simulation using aRTist simulation software. The simulation enabled us to choose the right mounting positions which produce less metal artifacts for the experimental study. The DFMCT was achieved by acquiring multiple computed tomographic scans at different sample orientations. The reconstructed volumes were then aligned, and the fused volume was obtained by combining the corrected data and suppressing the disrupted data of the reconstructed volumes.
... The Timepix operates on a frame-by-frame basis-that is, data are collected and recorded on the basis of a time interval between the digital shutter opening and closing. Pixelman readout software (Turecek et al., 2011) is used for measurement acquisition, allowing the user to set frame length, time of acquisition and measurement threshold. To ensure a uniform response among pixels, a threshold equalisation procedure (Llopart et al., 2007) is carried out to compensate for pixel-to-pixel variations, and dead pixels are masked to avoid over-response. ...
Single-grain optical dating has been widely used to estimate depositional ages for Quaternary sediments. An understanding of the sources influencing the dispersion of equivalent dose (De) estimates from individual grain measurements is essential for accurate age determination. Beta microdosimetry (i.e., beta dose deposition at the sub-millimetre scale) is a known cause of spread in single-grain De values, so the detection and assessment of beta dose rate (D˙β) variation is important to properly interpret these data. Here we demonstrate the application of Timepix, a pixelated detector that directly measures in situ beta emissions based on cluster analysis, to determine the beta microdosimetry of natural sediment samples from a cave deposit in Russia and a sand dune in Australia. We describe a Timepix measurement and data processing procedure for natural sediments, and establish sample-specific calibration curves using associated sample radioelement concentrations to convert Timepix count rates into estimates of D˙β. On the basis of the Timepix analysis, a 2D ‘heat map’ of D˙β at sub-millimetre resolution was obtained for each sample. Our results show that the D˙β estimates are heterogeneous and their non-uniformity gives rise to 9 ± 4 to 26 ± 5% overdispersion in the single-grain De distributions for the samples examined here. We discuss the likely sources of D˙β heterogeneity, based on micromorphological investigations of these sediment samples, which include a variety of materials present in natural deposits associated with D˙β ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ spots. A comparison of the D˙β dispersion with that of the corresponding single-grain De values shows that the scatter among the latter can be fully or partly explained by beta microdosimetry and other known sources of overdispersion.
... The native software for the operation of large-area Timepix devices is Pixelman or Pixet [35] [36]. The use of either software is conditioned by a firmware version of the operated detector. ...
High-resolution X-ray imaging techniques, usually known as micro-radiography and micro-CT, have become highly required and frequently used tools for biology, biomedical and preclinical research. State-of-the-art micro-CT scanners are capable of achieving a spatial resolution of few micrometers or even less thanks to the constant development of compact microfocus X-ray sources together with simultaneous progress in detector technologies. The current standard in X-ray detection is a digital imaging device containing read-out circuitry coupled with a scintillation sensor. Such detectors are available in a variety of different sizes, easy to use and relatively affordable. Nevertheless, the mentioned technology suffers from inherent limitations like, for example, undesirable generation of dark current, that compromise the quality of the provided data. This work demonstrates the applicability of Timepix large-area hybrid-pixel photon-counting detectors for high-resolution X-ray imaging in biology research. Photon-counting detection technology provides dark-current-free quantum-counting operation. Therefore, an enhanced contrast-to-noise ratio of the acquired data is achieved. Furthermore, the biased semiconductor sensor achieves almost ideal point-spread-function resulting in images with high spatial-resolution. Both above-mentioned features make photon-counting detectors to be excellent tools for high-resolution X-ray imaging especially for samples with low intrinsic absorption contrast. We evaluated the imaging performance of large-area Timepix detectors compared to a state-of-the-art flat-panel detector dedicated for high-resolution X-ray imaging. The presented data demonstrate the versatility of the used detectors as it covers a wide range of samples from laboratory animals to single-cell marine organisms.
... The electrons produced by ionization and amplified by the triple GEM are then detected by four Timepix ASICs, which are usually coupled to a semiconductor sensor, but here measure directly the total charge. The Timepix ASICs are read out by the FITPix interface [5] using the Pixelman software [6]. The obtained quantity is the Time over Threshold (TOT) that is a measure for the deposited charge and therefore energy. ...
The GEMPix is a small gaseous detector with a highly pixelated readout, consisting of a drift region, three Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) for signal amplification, and four Timepix ASICs with 55 μm pixel pitch and a total of 262,144 pixels (512×512 pixels). A continuous flow of a gas mixture (here propane-based tissue equivalent gas) is supplied externally at a rate of 5 L/h. By placing a sealed ²⁴¹ Am source outside of the detector and varying the source-detector distance, the residual energy of alpha particles entering the sensitive volume of the GEMPix through a thin Mylar window is varied. An alpha spectrometry measurement was performed to determine the emission spectrum of the source, and this spectrum was then used as an input to a FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation to obtain the residual energy of the alpha particles. Thus, a calibration curve from 5.9 keV (from an ⁵⁵ Fe source) up to more than 2 MeV was obtained, which is needed for future applications of the detector, in particular for microdosimetry.
... The software used, Pixelman [11] (developed at IEAP, CTU in Prague), provides a user interface for the Timepix detectors. While the software can be used to extract the previously-described raw data, Pixelman also provides a pre-analyzed 'clustered output' [12] format, which enables the identification and energy measurement of individual particles. ...
The SuperNEMO experiment will search for neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νββ), and study the Standard-Model double-beta decay process (2νββ). The SuperNEMO technology can measure the energy of each of the electrons produced in a double-beta (ββ) decay, and can reconstruct the topology of their individual tracks. The study of the double-beta decay spectrum requires very accurate energy calibration to be carried out periodically. The SuperNEMO Demonstrator Module will be calibrated using 42 calibration sources, each consisting of a droplet of 207Bi within a frame assembly. The quality of these sources, which depends upon the entire ^207Bi droplet being contained within the frame, is key for correctly calibrating SuperNEMO's energy response. In this paper, we present a novel method for precisely measuring the exact geometry of the deposition of 207Bi droplets within the frames, using Timepix pixel detectors. We studied 49 different sources and selected 42 high-quality sources with the most central source positioning.
... The common radioactive sources 137 Cesium ( 137 Cs), 152 Europium ( 152 Eu) and 60 Cobalt ( 60 Co) are investigated by the different detector assemblies in a laboratory environment. All detectors were calibrated by the noise edge method [28] in Pixelman 2.2.3 [29]. The acquisition time, the time interval of a single frame during the measurement, was determined for each setup individually to minimize event pile up. ...
In this work, different Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) sensor configurations are assessed for the usage in a robot assisted portable gamma camera. In the first part, four CdTe sensors, with thickness of 0.45 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm and pixel sizes of 55 µm and 110 µm, are investigated regarding their spectroscopic performance. The photon counting detector Timepix1 is hereby used. The 3 mm CdTe sensor shows increase in count rate up to a factor of 1.25 compared to a 2 mm CdTe sensor, 1.84 compared to a 1 mm CdTe sensor and up to 2.71 compared to a 0.45 mm CdTe sensor in the case of ¹³⁷Cs. In the second part, the 3 mm CdTe sensor was implemented in a commercially available gamma camera, the iPIX. The system was integrated in the bomb disposal robot and tested in different scenarios. The integrated 3 mm CdTe detector measured 21.5 counts per second emitting from a ⁶⁰Co source with an activity of 2.8 ± 0.07 Gbq in 20 meters distance in an open environment. The acquisition time was 116 seconds. The angular resolution was sufficient for the user to localize the radioactive isotope inside the test structure.
