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Between 1994 and 1995, gas samples from fumaroles and thermal waters were collected on Ischia Island. The chemical composition of the shallow and deep natural hydrothermal fluids discharged is related to the main hydrological and lithological characteristics of the rock formations present in the reservoir. A biphase reservoir (liquid+gas) is identi...
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The gabbronorite-charnockite-granite series rocks in the Carajás Province consist of three granitoid varieties: orthopyroxene granodiorite, clinopyroxene monzogranite and amphibole monzogranite; gabbronorites are spatially associated. They occur as a NE-SW-elongated pluton with minor E-W-oriented lenses. In general, the planar fabrics are defined b...
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... However, the HCO 3 − concentration obtained in this study (561 mg/L) was higher than that reported by Aversano (475.8 mg/L). Moreover, for bromide (Br − ), the amount detected (0.18 mg/L) was in accordance with that reported by Inguaggiato (0.1-0.2 mg/L) [28]. On the other hand, the ammonium (NH 4 + ) and total phosphorus (P) analyses showed values below LOQs, as well as for dissolved iron (Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ ), and aluminum (Al 3+ ). ...
The Romans knew of Nitrodi’s spring on the island of Ischia more than 2000 years ago. Although the health benefits attributed to Nitrodi’s water are numerous, the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. In this study, we aim to analyze the physicochemical properties and biological effects of Nitrodi’s water on human dermal fibroblasts to determine whether the water exerts in vitro effects that could be relevant to skin wound healing. The results obtained from the study indicate that Nitrodi’s water exerts strong promotional effects on dermal fibroblast viability and a significant stimulatory activity on cell migration. Nitrodi’s water induces alpha-SMA expression in dermal fibroblasts, thus promoting their transition to myofibroblast-protein ECM deposition. Furthermore, Nitrodi’s water reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in human skin aging and dermal damage. Unsurprisingly, Nitrodi’s water has significant stimulatory effects on the cell proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and inhibits the basal ROS production but enhances their response to the oxidative stress caused by external stimuli. Our results will contribute to the development of human clinical trials and further in vitro studies to identify inorganic and/or organic compounds responsible for pharmacological effects.
... The authors of [161] further document remarkable Li contents in the thermal springs of Campi Flegrei (up to 10 mg/L) and of the closely related Ischia Island ( Figure 8) (up to 6 mg/L). For the same Ischia Island thermal waters, [162] reports up to 41 mg/L of Li. In Campania, Contursi springs 2 and 3 are also noteworthy, and present an amount of Li in their waters of 8.74 mg/L [160]. ...
Italy has no record of Li production, even though it is well known for its outstanding Li mineral specimens from the Elba Island pegmatites. Because of the current geopolitical situation, the opportunity for a systematic appraisal of resources is evident. Most European Li production comes from deposits associated with Late Paleozoic magmatic rocks. In Italy, such rocks occur extensively in Sardinia and Calabria, but their potential for Li is unknown, and deserves a more systematic exploration. Also of potential interest are the Permo–Triassic spodumene pegmatites in the Austroalpine units of the Central Alps. The Tertiary pegmatites (Elba Island and Central Alps) contain Li minerals, but do not appear large enough to warrant bulk mining. However, we notice that Tertiary–Quaternary magmatic rocks of the Tuscan and Roman magmatic provinces have systematically higher Li contents than those recorded in normal arc igneous rocks worldwide. Specifically, Tuscan granites contain up to 350 μg/g Li, mostly hosted by biotite (up to 4000 μg/g Li); the Capo Bianco aplite (Elba Island) contains up to 1000 μg/g. There are other small Li occurrences associated with Mn deposits and metabauxites, and there is a hypothetical potential for sediment-hosted deposits in the post-orogenic Lower Permian Alpine basins. However, the most promising potential seems to be associated with subsurface fluids. High-enthalpy fluids in geothermal fields may contain up to 480 mg/L Li. Lower-temperature thermal waters may also contain significant Li (>10 mg/L). Moreover, a visionary, but not impossible, perspective may consider a deep injection of water to interact with, and extract Li from, magmatic rocks.
... Numerous studies have been focused on the hydrothermal system of the island, focusing on thermal fluids composition and origin, providing important information for geothermal energy exploration and volcanic risk assessment. These studies allowed refining knowledge on hydrothermal fluid circulation (De Gennaro et al., 1984;Panichi et al., 1992;Caliro et al., 1999;Celico et al., 1999;Inguaggiato et al., 2000;Lima et al., 2003;Chiodini et al., 2004;Daniele, 2004;Milano et al., 2004;Aiuppa et al., 2006;Morell et al., 2008;Di Napoli et al., 2009Carlino et al., 2012Carlino et al., , 2015. ...
... The geothermal system of Ischia has been the subject of several investigations. De Gennaro et al. (1984) proposed a geothermal model where the deep source of fluids is represented by a large magmatic body located at a depth greater than 3000 m and with a temperature over 200 • C. Carapezza et al. (1988) suggested the existence of two intermediate magmatic systems, and Panichi et al. (1992) estimated the temperature of the magmatic reservoir in the range of 160-240 • C. Inguaggiato et al. (2000) concluded the existence of a magmatic reservoir liquid dominated at 280 • C, supported by carbon isotope data. However, the authors do not discard the possibility of the existence of a second magma body (more than 4 km deep), as suggested by Tedesco (1996). ...
... Variations in the chemical composition and temperature of the groundwater are related to the complex hydrogeological setting. Groundwater circulating in the shallow aquifer has temperatures up to boiling, and ranges in composition from diluted bicarbonate waters to more saline and chlorine-rich waters, interpreted as evidence of dual (meteoric and seawater) recharge to the aquifer (Panichi et al., 1992;Inguaggiato et al., 2000;Aiuppa et al., 2006;Di Napoli et al., 2009;Di Napoli et al., 2013). There are also several fresh springs in the higher and inner part of the island and their discharge is usually 1-3 l/s (Celico et al., 1999;Carlino et al., 2014). ...
Ischia is a volcanic island located NW of the Gulf of Naples (South Italy). The island of Ischia is a structurally complex hydrothermal active system that hosts a fractured aquifer system whose geometry and hydraulic properties are still partly unknown. The aquifer system of Ischia, composed mainly of Quaternary volcanic deposits and marine sediments, exhibits physically and chemically heterogeneous waters. The intense seismicity and hydrothermal activity are expressed by numerous fumaroles and thermal springs, which have been exploited since ancient times, promoting, and supporting the world-renowned tourist activities that constitute the main economic activity of the island. The aim of this study is to determine the hydrogeochemical processes in the Ischia aquifer system. Also, we calculated the proportion of seawater in the aquifer system of Ischia using historical hydrogeochemical data relative to two sampling campaigns. Sixty-nine groundwater and thermal spring samples collected in July 2000 were analyzed and compared with previously published data to identify the changes in seawater contribution. The sample analysis shows that different physicochemical processes occur in the groundwater of Ischia Island, where recharge water, seawater and deep fluids interact and overlap with different intensity. The calculated saline factor indicates a seawater content of up to 70% in some samples near the coast, suggesting that seawater intrusion is the main process in these areas. Later data show that seawater intrusion increases around the coastline with up to 93% seawater content. Finally, data analysis shows that although a change in chemical composition is observed, no variation in thermal water temperature is recorded over time.
... to Mook et al. [1974] and Inguaggiato et al. [2000], the fractionation factor in water between carbon of CO 2 gas and that of dissolved HCO 3 favors enrichment of the heavier isotope in the TDIC. ...
We describe the geochemical characteristics of groundwater samples collected in 23 water wells located on the northern margin of the Hyblean plateau (East Sicily). This area, mostly made of highly permeable carbonate rocks, is rich in low temperature (T < 50° C) hydrothermal groundwaters, distributed in an active sismogenetic zone, with several ENE-WSW-directed tectonic structures that drove magma to the surface during Upper Pliocene and Pleistocene. The chemical features suggest complex mixing between rainwater, CO2-rich groundwater, steam-heated groundwater and geothermal brines, as highlighted by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Some parameters, however, indicate widespread pollution of the aquifers from human activities. Stable isotopes analysis confirms the meteoric origin of groundwater and supports the origin of dissolved CO2 mostly from mantle degassing through deep tectonic faults. Geothermometric estimates, mostly based on quartz and Saturation Indexes geothermometers, suggest minimum reservoir temperature between 100 and 120° C.
... The origin of such emissions is considered to be linked to two different sources: one aquifer at around 400 m of depth and with T around 250 • C, and a deeper aquifer at about 900 m depth and at 300 • C. The less deep aquifer is recharged by meteoric water with a component of seawater infiltrating along the shoreline as highlighted by an increase in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) toward the coastal areas and by the Na/Cl ratio. The source of CO 2 is a deep cooling magmatic body; the CO 2 during its upward movement is modified by crustal input undergoing a δ 13 C differentiation through interaction with the aquifers (Inguaggiato et al., 2000;Chiodini et al., 2004;Di Napoli et al., 2009). A series of submarine vents are located in shallow-water (less than 10 m of depth) along the eastern shore of the island near the Castello Aragones. ...
Submarine fluids emissions in the form of geothermal vents are widespread in a variety of geological settings ranging from volcanic to tectonically active areas. This overview aims to describe representative examples of submarine vents in shallow-water areas around the globe. The areas described include: Iceland, Azores, Mediterranean Sea (Italy and Greece), Caribbean, Baja California, Japan, Papua, New Zealand, Taiwan. Common and divergent characteristics in terms of origin and geochemistry of the emitted fluids and their impact on the indigenous organisms and the surrounding environment have been identified. In the hottest vents seawater concentration is common as well as some water vapor phase separation. Carbon dioxide is the most common gas often associated with compounds of sulfur and methane. In several vents precipitation of minerals can be identified in the surrounding sediments. The analyses of the microbial communities often revealed putative chemoautotrophs, with Campylobacteria abundantly present at many vents where reduced sulfur compounds are available. The techniques that can be used for the detection and quantification of underwater vents are also described, including geophysical and geochemical tools. Finally, the main geobiological effects due to the presence of the hydrothermal activity and the induced changes in water chemistry are assessed.
... However, during periods of volcanic and volcano-tectonic quiescence, degassing is not homogenous across the entire volcanic area; it is more prevalent in localized areas called diffuse degassing structures, which are commonly associated with areas of high permeability related to faults or fractures (Chiodini et al. 2001(Chiodini et al. , 2005Heap and Kennedy 2016;Kennedy et al. 2020). Underground fluid circulation mainly occurs within layered tuffs and lavas and is fed by meteoric and seawater recharge (De Gennaro et al. 1984;Panichi et al. 1992;Tedesco 1996;Inguaggiato et al. 2000;Di Napoli et al. 2011;Carlino et al. 2014). It is controlled by the presence of multilayered aquifers constituted by porous and fractured media (Piscopo et al. 2020). ...
Geothermal and volcanic systems are prone to gravity-induced slope instability at different scales. Endogenous magmatic, hydrothermal, and seismic forcings can significantly modify mechanical properties and perturb the local stress field and gravitational equilibrium inducing shallow or slope-scale instabilities. The island of Ischia, which is part of the Phlegrean Volcanic District (Italy), is a remarkable example of this kind of complex interacting system. This study focuses on monitoring the hydrothermal system located beneath the ongoing slope-scale deformation, which involves Mt. Nuovo (the western part of Mt. Epomeo) and is a complementary effect of the resurgence of an ancient caldera. Debris and rock avalanches have affected the slopes of this volcanic island, in response to the renewal of volcanic activity and caldera resurgence. Large parts of the corresponding mass-wasting deposits overlay the most active areas of the Ischia hydrothermal system, where ongoing slope-scale gravity-driven deformation due to a mass rock creep (MRC) process is still evolving. To investigate possible relations between the perturbing shallow hydrothermal system and the MRC process, thermal monitoring of selected groups of fumarolic emissions located in several portions of the deforming sector has been carried out since 2008 on a monthly basis by means of direct (thermal probes) and remote sensing (IR-thermography) techniques. Thermal monitoring of specific fumaroles shows a peculiar seasonal trend characterised by a delayed inverse correlation with rainy periods and a short-term pulsating response to dry stages. The fumaroles also appear spatially correlated to the presence of MRC-related structures involving volcanic slopes. According to the measured thermal data, a conceptual model of the thermal interactions within the Mt. Nuovo slope is provided, framing the potential role of thermal actions in accelerating the deformation process. In this view, possible hazard scenarios, due to magmatic or hydrothermal renovation are depicted, delineating the interconnected multi-hazard worst scenario consisting of an accelerating evolution of the MRC process towards paroxysmal collapse.
Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5497819
... Thus, due to the strict relationship between faults and hydrothermal activity, in addition to the peculiar structural factors described above, an important role in the genesis of the Ischia earthquakes is recognized in the dynamics of the hydrothermal system of the Island D'Auria et al., 2018;Trasatti et al., 2019). Overall, the geochemical investigations have led to general consensus for the existence at Ischia of two distinct geothermal reservoirs, at temperatures of 150-180°C (Panichi et al., 1992;Di Napoli et al., 2009) and 220-280°C, respectively (Panichi et al., 1992;Inguaggiato et al., 2000;Di Napoli et al., 2009). The former, shallower (150-300 m of depth) and colder, is thought to be recharged by either meteoric (to the south; hydrothermal endmember B) or marine (to the west; hydrothermal end-member C) fluids. ...
Studying seismicity in a volcanic environment provides important information on the state of activity of volcanoes. The seismicity of the Neapolitan volcanoes, Campi Flegrei, Vesuvius, and Ischia, shows distinctive characteristics for each volcano, covering a wide range of patterns and types. In this study we relocated some significant volcano-tectonic earthquake swarms that occurred in Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius. Moreover, we compared the earthquake occurrence evolution, the magnitude and the seismic energy release of the three volcanoes. Also, we considered the results of seismic analysis in the light of geochemical and ground deformation data that contribute to defining the state of activity of volcanoes. In Campi Flegrei, which is experiencing a long term unrest, we identified a seismogenic structure at shallow depth in Pisciarelli zone that has been activated repeatedly. The increasing seismicity accompanies an escalation of the hydrothermal activity and a ground uplift phase. At Vesuvius a very shallow seismicity is recorded, which in recent years has shown an increase in terms of the number of events per year. Earthquakes are usually located right beneath the crater axis. They are concentrated in a volume affected by the hydrothermal system. Finally, Ischia generally shows a low level of seismicity, however, in Casamicciola area events with a moderate magnitude can occur and these are potentially capable of causing severe damage to the town and population, due to their small hypocentral depth (typically < 2.5 km). After the seismic crisis of August 21, 2017 (mainshock magnitude M = 4), the seismicity returned to a low level in terms of occurrence rate and magnitude of earthquakes. The seismicity of these three different volcanic areas shows some common aspects that highlight a relevant role of hydrothermal processes in the seismogenesis of volcanic areas. However, while the main swarms in Campi Flegrei and most of the Vesuvian earthquakes are distributed along conduit-like structures, the seismicity of Ischia is mainly located along faults. Furthermore, the temporal evolution of seismicity in Neapolitan volcanic area suggests a concomitant increase in the occurrence of earthquakes both in Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius in recent years.
... Each of these sources has different isotopic marks, even if they are partially overlapping. Thus, the carbon isotopic signature of CO 2 (δ 13 C CO 2 ) has been utilized as a useful tracer in many hydrochemical studies to investigate the origin of the CO 2 and gas-water-rock interaction processes that occur at depth (e.g., Emblanch et al., 2003;Grassa et al., 2006;Inguaggiato et al., 2000;Italiano et al., 2009;Liotta et al., 2010;Rueedi et al., 2007). The dissolved CO 2 concentration in Gariz aquifer is appreciably higher than those in water in equilibrium with the atmosphere (0.31 cc/l STP) reaching 730 cc/l STP and we have field evidences of CO 2 rapidly bubbles out during pumping discharge. ...
Here we discussed the results of the first geochemical investigation of the fluids (groundwater and the associated gases) emerging in the southwest of Yazd Province. We carried out two surveys, one in July 2019 and the second in September 2019s, in the region of the Gariz aquifer (central Iran). We focused our attention to 1) the chemistry of the water (major and minor constituents coupled to the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen), 2) the chemical composition of dissolved gases in water together with 3) the isotopic composition of Helium (³He/⁴He) and 4) the dissolved carbon in water (δ¹³CTDIC). Hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of groundwater display a fairly narrow range and indicate that the waters are of meteoric origin. On the base of the major ions chemistry, the bulk of the water samples are classified as Ca-HCO3, CaCl and NaCl types. The groundwater chemistry is mainly influenced by the interaction with CO2-rich fluids, leakage of chlorinated saline water into the alluvial aquifer, and silicate dissolution. High dissolved carbon contents, mainly as bicarbonate ion, reflect the noticeable interaction of the groundwater with CO2-rich fluids. CO2 is the dominant gaseous component in most samples and its amount is always greater with respect to a water in equilibrium with the atmosphere (Air Saturated Water, ASW). Such excess of CO2 contents (more than 730 cc/l STP) dissolved in groundwater also supports the presence of a deep source of CO2-rich gas. The computed δ¹³C(CO2) in equilibrium with the groundwater highlight a mixing in different proportion between an inorganic deep sourced CO2 (¹³C-enriched) and organic CO2 (¹³C-depleted). We also used the helium isotopes as a tools to figure out the origin of helium in the aquifer (air vs. mantle, and crust). The collected samples show a contribution of mantle-derived He in the Gariz aquifer up to (~45%) and the crust suggesting that at regional scale the tectonic discontinuities had a connection with the mantle or magmatic intrusions migrated through the crust transporting mantle volatiles to shallow crustal layers. However, we cannot infer the timing of this possible magmatism at depth in the complex tectonic evolution of the area.
... La última erupción es de hace 700 a. Es un área de terremotos, el último de los cuales, en 2019, destruyó gran parte de las edificaciones. Los manantiales tienen 1-2 g/L HCO3 (Inguaggiato et al., 2000). Es característico el alto contenido en boro , >1 mg/L B en el 50% de las muestras, hasta 15 mg/L B y δ 11 B = -15‰. ...
Las rocas volcánicas son el resultado de la salida al exterior de magma, que está formado por silicatos y sílice y contiene substancias disueltas que se separan como vapores y como gases no condensables. El volcanismo es un aporte de materia al exterior y por lo tanto edifica estructuras y crea formaciones, pero también se produce un aumento de la erosión en esos relieves y fenómenos tectónicos que hunden parte de lo edificado o que está en sus proximidades. Los aspectos de destrucción de los relieves creados también son una parte importante del volcanismo y de su relevancia hidrogeológica. La creación y destrucción de los edificios volcánicos se hace en sucesivos eventos localizados, frecuentemente rápidos a escala geológica, a veces violentos, y en eventos sucesivos cada uno de duración de escala humana, con parte del material de las erupciones como lava y parte como tefra, con distribución espacial variable. Esto origina formaciones muy heterogéneas, cuyo comportamiento hidrogeológico puede ser complejo y su entendimiento requiere un buen conocimiento de los procesos geológicos y geoquímicos involucrados. Los clásicos principios de la geología sedimentaria no son directamente aplicables o debe utilizarse con notables precauciones. Bajo un punto de vista hidrogeológico hay aspectos distintos entre las formaciones volcánicas continentales y las de las pequeñas islas volcánicas, en general de menos de 5000 km2. En el continente o en grandes islas hay otras formaciones geológicas y un relieve e hidrografía que ponen en relación aspectos influenciados por el volcanismo, con otros que no lo están. En ellos, las formaciones volcánicas pueden ser hidrogeológicamente dominantes o estar supeditadas y con variaciones espaciales importantes. En pequeñas islas, las formaciones volcánicas y derivadas de las mismas suelen ser dominantes, el relieve puede tener un papel clave, no hay redes fluviales alóctonas y el nivel del mar y sus variaciones son un condicionante muy específico del comportamiento. Bajo un punto de vista geoquímico, cabe distinguir entre componentes mayoritarios, a concentraciones ponderales del orden porcentual, otras minoritarias a concentraciones del orden de partes por millón y componentes traza. Son de interés hidrogeológico aquellos elementos que pueden dar lugar a iones y compuestos solubles en el agua subterránea o que facilitan su incorporación. Los elementos químicos de los componentes mayoritarios son Si, Al, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Fe (con mayor proporción de Fe-II) y P. En las rocas básicas, como el basalto, el Si está únicamente como silicato, pero una parte del mismo forma sílice libre en las rocas ácidas, como la riolita y las intermedias como las andesitas. El Mg y Ca son más abundantes en rocas básicas comunes que en las ácidas, mientras que el contenido en Na y K tienden a ser mayor en las rocas ácidas comunes, pero con relación Na/K menor, aunque hay frecuentes desviaciones de esta tendencia. El Mg, Ca, Na y K pueden pasar al agua subterránea al alterarse la roca por aportes de acidez, con una parte que queda absorbida en los minerales resultantes de la alteración, según sean las condiciones ambientales. Lo mismo puede decirse del Li y Sr.
... Surface manifestations of the geothermal system are hot waters, fumaroles, and steaming grounds. Geochemical studies conducted on the waters and fumaroles of the island have highlighted the presence of a complex hydrothermal system due to overlapping and interconnected reservoirs fed by meteoric waters, seawater, and magma-derived or mixed magmatic-crustal gases [3][4][5][20][21][22][23][24]. As to groundwater tapped by wells and emerging from springs, more recent and complete geochemical investigations confirm a wide range of water chemistry, having detected temperatures between 13 and 90 • C, salinities between 0.76 and 42 g/L, composition varying from calcium bicarbonate to alkali-chloride, and concentrations of the dissolved CO 2 between 1 and 448 cm 3 /L [6]. ...
... For "fresh" water, salinity and water temperature values measured in the first meters of depth were considered. For the seawater, the salinity (41 g/L [23]) and the temperature measured at the bottom of each hole were considered. The α ratio results to vary between 38 and 67 for the examined wells. ...
... where -Cl s is the concentration of chloride in seawater, set equal to the highest value found for well water (i.e., 22,125 mg/L, which is slightly higher than that reported for seawater in [23]), -Cl m is the concentration of chloride in well waters and -Cl f is the concentration of chloride in "fresh" water, set equal to the lowest value found for well water (i.e., 139 mg/L). Table 2 shows the average percentage of seawater (%SWav) in the water of each sampled well. ...
The thermal waters of the Island of Ischia, an active volcano located in Southern Italy, are widely used for supplying numerous spas. Groundwater withdrawals occur mainly through wells in the coastal strip. This study explores the impact of withdrawals on the quality of the waters used in thermal facilities, which is required to be constant in terms of composition and temperature by law. For this purpose, specific investigations were conducted including 155 pumping tests, 124 water temperature measurements during pumping tests, 31 temperature and electrical conductivity logs and periodic chemical analysis of the waters of 21 selected wells. By comparing the response to pumping of the aquifer and the quality of the water extracted from the wells, it turned out that the quality of groundwater supplying spas depends not only on natural phenomena (meteoric recharge, seawater intrusion, and rising of deep hydrothermal fluids) but also relies on the island sector where groundwater is pumped and on the pumping method. The distance of the wells from the coast, the type of aquifer formation intersected by the wells, and the field of groundwater temperature of the hydrothermal system strongly affect the aquifer pumping response, determining the quality of water extracted from wells and its variation over time. In Ischia, techniques and regimes of groundwater withdrawals should adapt to the local aquifer pumping response, more than in another hydrogeological context. The concomitant analysis of drawdown, water temperature, and salinity during pumping turned out to be a valuable tool to define the sustainable yield of the single well.
