Intraoperative screen shot of the nasofrontal osteotomy using an image guidance system (BrainLAB VectorVision) in three-dimensional (above, left), axial (above, right), sagittal (below, left), and coronal (below, right) views demonstrating real-time three-dimensional intraoperative position localization and trajectory planning of the osteotomy.

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... who required Le Fort III advancement for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, class III mal- occlusion, and midfacial hypoplasia. Using an intra- operative image guidance system (VectorVision; BrainLAB USA, Moorestone, N.J.), the three-dimen- sional computed tomographic scan of the patient's anatomy was referenced to the patient in real time (Fig. 1). The historically blind osteotomies from the nasofrontal suture to the skull base, and the lateral orbital wall to the pterygomaxillary junction, were visualized directly on the referenced computed to- mographic scan. This prevented inadvertent entry through the cranial base, a well-described complica- tion of this procedure. 4 Once a ...

Context 2

... through the subcutaneous layer (route 1), the contralateral facial artery and vein through the subcutaneous layer (route 2), the con- tralateral superficial temporal vessels through the maxillary sinus (route 3), the contralateral facial ar- tery and vein through the maxillary sinus (route 4), and the ipsilateral cervical vessels (route 5) (Fig. 1). The distances of the routes were 11 cm (route 1), 10 cm (route 2), 10 cm (route 3), 7 cm (route 4), and 7 cm (route 5). Route 4 was as long as that using the ipsilateral cervical vessels and thus was the shortest of the routes using contralateral ...