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High-protein (HP) intake during weight loss (WL) therapy is often recommended because it reduces the loss of lean tissue mass. However, HP intake could have adverse effects on metabolic function, because protein ingestion reduces postprandial insulin sensitivity. In this study, we compared the effects of ∼10% WL with a hypocaloric diet containing 0...
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Food is usually the major source of human exposure to environmental contaminants like heavy metals and synthetic compounds. This study proposes a quick and simple approach to combine the estimate of the intake of certain pollutants with the diet, in combination with different nutritional plans (Mediterranean diet, weight loss and for athletes). The...
Background:
Nutrition therapy is considered a key component of diabetes management. Recently, high-protein diets have gained in popularity. Understanding the glycemic effect of dietary protein among patients with diabetes has been of particular interest.
Methods:
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Objectives
Although the effectiveness of high-intensity training has been widely recognized as positive in athletes, its application in a clinical context is not well established. There is enough evidence to confirm that high-intensity routines are safe and that at-risk populations, such as for overweight and obese subjects, can help from these wei...
Citations
... However, the specific plant-based dietary composition also likely played a role. Dietary patterns with substantial increases in dietary fiber and substantial reductions in saturated fat and/or animal protein have been tested in various human trials and found to modulate serum cholesterol [49,50], insulin resistance [51,52], sex hormones [53][54][55], and IGF-1 [56]. ...
Purpose
Breast cancer treatment is associated with weight gain, and obesity and its related cardiometabolic and hormonal risk factors have been associated with poorer outcomes. Dietary intervention may address these risk factors, but limited research has been done in the setting of metastatic breast cancer requiring systemic therapy.
Methods
Women with metastatic breast cancer on stable treatment were randomized 2:1 to an 8-week intervention (n = 21) or control (n = 11). The intervention included weekly assessment visits and an ad libitum whole-food, plant-based (WFPB) diet with provided meals. Cardiometabolic, hormonal, and cancer markers were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks.
Results
Within the intervention group, mean weight decreased by 6.6% (p < 0.01) after 8 weeks. Fasting insulin decreased from 16.8 uIU/L to 11.2 uIU/L (p < 0.01), concurrent with significantly reduced insulin resistance. Total cholesterol decreased from 193.6 mg/dL to 159 mg/dL (p < 0.01), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased from 104.6 mg/dL to 82.2 mg/dL (p < 0.01). Total testosterone was unchanged, but free testosterone trended lower within the intervention group (p = 0.08) as sex hormone binding globulin increased from 74.3 nmol/L to 98.2 nmol/L (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in cancer progression markers at week 8, although mean CA 15-3, CA 27.29, and CEA were lower in the intervention group (p = 0.53, p = 0.23, and p = 0.54, respectively) compared to control, when adjusted for baseline.
Conclusion
WFPB dietary changes during treatment for metastatic breast cancer are well tolerated and significantly improve weight, cardiometabolic and hormonal parameters. Longer studies are warranted to assess the durability of changes.
Trial registration First registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03045289) on February 7, 2017.
... Moreover, the elevated protein content in a calorie-deficient highprotein diet might counteract significant metabolic benefits derived from weight reduction. Notably, a low-calorie, high-protein diet has been observed to hinder the beneficial effects of weight loss on insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles among obese postmenopausal women (Smith et al., 2016). This is most likely because the high-protein diet worsened oxidative stress and caused changes in the structure and organization of muscle cells.Additionally linked to weight gain and insulin resistance are refined carbohydrates and added sweets (AlEssa et al., 2015; Bhupathiraju et al., 2014;. ...
Biotechnology is one of the emerging fields that can add new and better application in a wide range of sectors like health care, service sector, agriculture, and processing industry to name some. This book will provide an excellent opportunity to focus on recent developments in the frontier areas of Biotechnology and establish new collaborations in these areas. The book will highlight multidisciplinary perspectives to interested biotechnologists, microbiologists, pharmaceutical experts, bioprocess engineers, agronomists, medical professionals, sustainability researchers and academicians. This technical publication will provide a platform for potential knowledge exhibition on recent trends, theories and practices in the field of Biotechnology
... Methods that enhance protein synthesis during weight loss, such as consuming protein prior to working out or evenly distributing protein intake throughout the day, can prevent sarcopenia caused by weight loss 21 . However, high protein consumption (1.2 g of protein per kg of body weight per day) during a weight loss program may negate the positive effect of weight loss on insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles 22 . For individuals with SO, distributing protein intake throughout the day or consuming large amounts of protein during main meals can promote muscle protein synthesis 23,24 . ...
We aim to clarify the relationship between low skeletal muscle mass and varying levels of adiposity and to identify the types of physical function impairments associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO). This study examined cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. The data included age, gender, DXA-assessed body composition, and physical functional activity with performing daily tasks by questionnaire. We subdivided the data by body composition into a non-SO group and a SO group (ASMI 0–49.99% and FMI of 50–100%), after which the SO data were subdivided into three classes. A higher class indicated higher adiposity and lower muscle mass. The physical function impairment of the two groups was compared. Our study examined 7161 individuals, of which 4907 did not have SO and 2254 had SO, and their data were further divided into three classes (i.e., class I, 826 individuals; class II, 1300 individuals; and class III, 128 individuals). Significant differences in demographics and DXA parameters were identified between the non-SO and SO groups (P < 0.001); the individuals with SO were older, included more women, and exhibited high adiposity and less lean muscle mass. The individuals with class III SO exhibited greater differences and reported more difficulty in performing daily activities. The individuals with class III SO exhibited the most severe physical function impairment. Our study highlights the considerable difficulties encountered by individuals with SO in performing daily activities. Given this finding, customized rehabilitation strategies should be implemented to improve the quality of life of individuals with SO.
... In mammals, the insulin-mediated activation of Akt is central to glucose disposal by stimulating Glut4 translocation to plasma membranes [52]. In contrast with the positive association between Akt phosphorylation and insulin sensitivity in an insulin-stimulated state [53,54], the increased basal Akt phosphorylation was indicative of insulin resistance by suppressing mitochondrial production, increasing ectopic fat accumulation, and inducing oxidative stress [55]. Therefore, the decreased basal Akt phosphorylation in the LT muscle further corroborated the increased insulin sensitivity of the offspring in the MA group. ...
Maternal diets during pregnancy and lactation are key determinants that regulate the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in offspring. l-malic acid (MA) was previously reported to improve antioxidant capacity and aerobic metabolism. However, the effects of maternal MA consumption on the metabolic features of offspring remain largely unexplored. Herein, through pig models consuming MA-enriched diets during late pregnancy and lactation, we found that maternal MA consumption potentiated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity of sows, thereby improving their reproductive performance and the growth performance of piglets. Maternal MA consumption also induced a transition of slow-twitch to fast-twitch fibers in the early life of offspring. Along with muscle growth and fiber-type transition, insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, including aerobic metabolism and glycolysis, were improved in the skeletal muscle of offspring. An untargeted metabolomic analysis further revealed the contribution of modified amino acid metabolism to the improved aerobic metabolism. Mechanistically, maternal MA consumption remodeled colonic microbiota of their offspring. Briefly, the abundance of Colidextribacter, Romboutsia, and Family_XIII_AD3011_group increased, which were positively associated with the antioxidant capacity and glucose metabolism of skeletal muscles. A decreased abundance of Prevotella, Blautia, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and Collinsella was also detected, which were involved in less insulin sensitivity. Notably, milk metabolites, such as ascorbic acid (AA) and granisetron (GS), were found as key effectors regulating the gut microbiota composition of piglets. The properties of AA and GS in alleviating insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress were further verified through mice treated with high-fat diets. Overall, this study revealed that maternal MA consumption could modulate the inflammatory response, antioxidant capacity, and glucose metabolism by regulating the gut microbiota of offspring through the vertical transmission of milk metabolites. These findings suggest the potential of MA in the prevention and treatment of MetS in early life.
... There were fourteen datasets included in the present study (Supplementary Figure S1). Those were studies of acute AE (GSE43856 [50], GSE59088 [51], GSE126296 [52], GSE59363 [53]), training AE (GSE111551, GSE72462 [54], GSE1786 [55], GSE43760 [56]), PI (GSE8441 [57], GSE9419 [58], GSE73525 [59]), acute AE combined with PI (GSE27285 [60], GSE44818 [61]), and training AE combined with PI (GSE147494 [62]). Acute AE refers to a bout of aerobic exercise, and training AE refers to regular aerobic exercise with frequency and intensity lasting for at least 2 weeks. ...
This study aimed to provide a more comprehensive molecular insight into the effects of aerobic exercise (AE), protein intake (PI), and AE combined with PI on human skeletal muscle by comparing their transcriptomic profiles. Fourteen published datasets obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used. The hub genes were identified in response to acute AE (ACTB, IL6), training AE (UBB, COL1A1), PI (EZH2), acute AE combined with PI (DDIT3), and training AE combined with PI (MYC). Both FOS and MYC were upregulated in response to acute AE, and they were, respectively, downregulated by higher PI and a combination of AE and PI. COL1A1 was upregulated by training AE but was downregulated by higher PI. Results from the gene set enrichment analysis (p < 0.05 and FDR < 25%) showed that AE and PI delivered their impacts on human skeletal muscle in analogous pathways, including aerobic respiration, mitochondrial complexes, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, metabolic process, and immune/inflammatory responses, whereas, PI may attenuate the response of immune/inflammation and ECM remodeling which would be promoted by AE, irrespective of its types. Compared to PI alone, acute AE combined with PI would further promote protein turnover and synthesis, but suppress skeletal muscle contraction and movement.
... We also found that IF caused a statistically significant but very small improvement in some insulin sensitivity indexes. This is consistent with the results of recent randomized trials of alternate-day fasting showing no improvements in either markers of inflammation or insulin sensitivity (as assessed with the OGTT or the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) 12,49 , reinforcing the emerging concept that from a metabolic point of view, a calorie is not a calorie 50,51 . Finally, our preliminary molecular findings suggest that strong correlations exist between the degree of IF-induced weight loss and multiple key molecular aging pathways, with a seemingly paradoxical impact of excessive weight loss on mTOR-related autophagic and ciliary growth pathways. ...
... On the contrary, most people (including our study participants) practicing IF, during feast days usually consume their typical high-protein, ultra-processed Western obesogenic diets that have been shown to induce detrimental effects on metabolic and gut microbiome health 51 . Results from a weight loss trial of obese women showed that high-protein diets (1.3 g/kg/day) entirely prevented the usual improvement in insulin sensitivity observed in those consuming a normal protein diet (0.8 g/kg/day) who lost the same 10% body weight 50 . Consuming a high protein diet seems to offset the favorable effects of weight loss on insulin resistance and may drive cancer and accelerated aging by overstimulating the PI3K/AKT/ mTOR pathway even in the face of significant reductions in visceral and hepatic fat 11,60 . ...
... Conversely, a study in postmenopausal women found that consuming an HP diet during weight loss eliminated the beneficial effects of 10% weight loss on insulin action and sensitivity [20]. These conflicting results suggest that additional studies on the amount and sources of dietary protein during weight loss are needed to determine the influence on weight loss-induced improvements in T2D. ...
... Some trials have demonstrated that an HP diet is more beneficial than a high-carbohydrate diet in outcomes associated with T2D [19,38]. However, one trial in postmenopausal women demonstrated that an HP diet during weight loss could negatively impact insulin action [20]; however, this did not seem to be the case in the present study, as marked by similar improvements in homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance across groups. In the present study, at baseline, 73.6% of participants in the HP group and 62.3% of participants in the NP group had biomarkers in the range for T2D. ...
Objective:
Weight loss of ≥10% improves glucose control and may remit type 2 diabetes (T2D). High-protein (HP) diets are commonly used for weight loss, but whether protein sources, especially red meat, impact weight loss-induced T2D management is unknown. This trial compared an HP diet including beef and a normal-protein (NP) diet without red meat for weight loss, body composition changes, and glucose control in individuals with T2D.
Methods:
A total of 106 adults (80 female) with T2D consumed an HP (40% protein) diet with ≥4 weekly servings of lean beef or an NP (21% protein) diet excluding red meat during a 52-week weight loss intervention. Body weight, body composition, and cardiometabolic parameters were measured before and after intervention.
Results:
Weight loss was not different between the HP (-10.2 ± 1.6 kg) and NP (-12.7 ± 4.8 kg, p = 0.336) groups. Both groups reduced fat mass and increased fat-free mass percent. Hemoglobin A1c, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, blood pressure, and triglycerides improved, with no differences between groups.
Conclusions:
The lack of observed effects of dietary protein and red meat consumption on weight loss and improved cardiometabolic health suggests that achieved weight loss, rather than diet composition, should be the principal target of dietary interventions for T2D management.
... 32,34,35 In weight loss trials of obese women, high protein intake (1.3 g kg −1 per day including two servings of a whey protein isolate) completely prevented the markedly improved insulin sensitivity observed in women consuming a normal protein diet (0.8 g kg −1 per day) who lost the same amount of body weight and visceral and liver fat. 36 Furthermore, dietary branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) restriction in mice recapitulates many of the beneficial effects of protein restriction observed in rodents and humans, including reduced adiposity, increased glucose tolerance, and increased energy expenditure, but not increased FGF21 levels. 37 In contrast, high dietary intake of BCAA increases platelet activation and arterial thrombosis risk by enhancing tropomodulin-3 propionylation. ...
Plant-based diets have become increasingly popular thanks to their purported health benefits and more recently for their positive environmental impact. Prospective studies suggest that consuming vegetarian diets is associated with a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, hypertension, dementia, and cancer. Data from randomized clinical trials have confirmed a protective effect of vegetarian diets for the prevention of diabetes and reductions in weight, blood pressure, glycosylated haemoglobin and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but to date, no data are available for cardiovascular event rates and cognitive impairment, and there are very limited data for cancer. Moreover, not all plant-based foods are equally healthy. Unhealthy vegetarian diets poor in specific nutrients (vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and calcium) and/or rich in highly processed and refined foods increase morbidity and mortality. Further mechanistic studies are desirable to understand whether the advantages of healthy, minimally processed vegetarian diets represent an all-or-nothing phenomenon and whether consuming primarily plant-based diets containing small quantities of animal products (e.g. pesco-vegetarian or Mediterranean diets) has beneficial, detrimental, or neutral effects on cardiometabolic health outcomes. Further, mechanistic studies are warranted to enhance our understanding about healthy plant-based food patterns and the biological mechanisms linking dietary factors, CVD, and other metabolic diseases.
... These results consistently show a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome [45] after weight loss with associated diet and exercise. In contrast, animal protein consumption promotes insulin resistance [46], possibly through high BCAA content, although the exact mechanisms are unclear [47]. Accordingly, increased circulating levels of BCAA or their breakdown products (i.e., branched-chain α-keto acids) are associated with insulin resistance [48,49]. ...
Background:
Weight loss is associated with a reduction in all body compartments, including muscle mass (MM), and this effect produces a decrease in function and muscle strength. Our objective was to assess the impact of protein or amino acid supplements on MM loss in middle-aged men (age < 65 years) with severe obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m2) during weight loss.
Materials and methods:
We conducted a single-site randomized controlled trial (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05143398) with 40 in-patient male subjects with severe obesity. Participants underwent an intervention program consisting of a low-calorie balanced diet and structured physical activity. They were randomly assigned to 4-week treatment groups: (1) control (CTR, N = 10), (2) protein (P, N = 10), (3) branched-chain amino acid (BCAA, N = 10), and (4) essential amino acid mixture with tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (PD-E07, N = 10) supplementation.
Results:
Following 4 weeks of intervention, all groups showed similar reductions in body weight compared to baseline. When examining the delta values, a notable increase in muscle mass (MM) was observed in the PD-E07 intervention group [MM (kg): 2.84 ± 3.57; MM (%): 3.63 ± 3.14], in contrast to the CTR group [MM (kg): -2.46 ± 3.04; MM (%): -0.47 ± 2.28], with a statistical significance of p = 0.045 and p = 0.023, respectively. However, the MM values for the P group [MM (kg): -2.75 ± 5.98, p = 0.734; MM (%): -0.44 ± 4.02, p = 0.990] and the BCAA group [MM (kg): -1 ± 3.3, p = 0.734; MM (%): 0.34 ± 2.85, p = 0.956] did not exhibit a statistically significant difference when compared to the CTR group.
Conclusions:
Amino acid-based supplements may effectively mitigate the loss of MM typically observed during weight reduction. Further validation through large-scale studies is necessary.
... These studies indicate that high-protein diets prevent and treat obesity by providing greater weight loss, fat mass loss, and preservation of lean mass. 23,24 Besides, the high-protein diet, during calorie restriction, favors a better-quality diet. This may be one of the mechanisms to reduce the loss of muscle mass generated by a highprotein diet. ...
This systematic review evaluated the relationship between macronutrient intake and weight loss after bariatric surgery (BS). The MEDLINE/Pubmed, EMBASE, COCHRANE/CENTRAL, and SCOPUS databases were accessed in August 2021 to search for eligible articles: original publications with adults undergoing BS and indicating the relationship between macronutrients and weight loss. Titles that did not meet these criteria were excluded. The review was written according to the PRISMA guide, and the risk of bias was according to the Joanna Briggs manual. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by another. Eight articles with 2.378 subjects were included. The studies indicated a positive relationship between weight loss and protein intake after BS. Prioritization of protein followed by carbohydrates with a lower percentage of lipids favors weight loss and increases weight stability after BS. Among the results found, a 1% increase in protein intake raises the probability of obesity remission by 6%, and high-protein diet increase 50% weight loss success. Limitations are the methods of included studies and review process. It is concluded that high-protein intake >60 g a 90 g/day may favor weight loss and maintenance after BS, but it is relevant to balance the other macronutrients.
