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Intracellular immunolocalization of Ang-(1-7) in cultured endometrial stromal cells (A) and epithelial cells (B) using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Negative controls are shown on the right. Ang ¼ angiotensin.
Source publication
Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is one of the major active components of the renin-angiotensin system, produced from cleavage of Ang II by angiotensin-converting-enzyme type 2 (ACE2), which acts through a specific G protein-coupled receptor, Mas. We have investigated whether the human endometrium expresses these components during menstrual cycle. By radioi...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... immunohistochemistry, Ang-(1-7) was localized in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle (Figure 1). In the glandular epithelium, the peptide was rarely seen in early and mid-proliferative endometrium, was moderately expressed in mid-cycle samples, and strong in mid-and late secretory endometrium. Angiotensin-(1-7) was also localized in the stroma of early proliferative endometrial samples. Conversely, the staining for Ang-(1-7) in the endothelium of endometrial blood vessels was either negative ( Figure 1E) or weak ( Figure 1D,G). The same tissue-specific distribution of Ang-(1-7) was seen in the sample of ectopic endome- trium ( Figure 1G). Confocal microscopy of cultured endometrial cells labeled by immunofluorescence showed that Ang-(1-7) is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm of endome- trial epithelial cells and is hardly detectable in the isolated endometrial stromal cells (Figure 2). The ACE2 mRNA was detectable in all endome- trial tissue samples and cell cultures evaluated. As shown in Figure 3, the relative expression of ACE2 mRNA was higher in cultured endometrial epithelial cells (0.12 + 0.05 arbitrary units) than in cultured endome- trial stromal cells (0.06 + 0.02 arbitrary units, P < .05, Figure 3A), and also higher in secretory endometrium (2.06 + 0.77 arbitrary units) than in proliferative endometrium (0.31 + 0.13 arbitrary units, P < .05, Figure ...
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Activation of the renin angiotensin system and renal oxidative stress (OS) are critical contributors in the progression of chronic kidney disease(CKD). Recent studies have confirmed that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-angiotensin (1-7)-Mas(ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas) axis, the important components of renin angiotensin system, protected kidneys against...
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) 2 is expressed in the heart and kidney and metabolizes Ang (angiotensin) II to Ang-(1-7) a peptide that acts via the Ang-(1-7) or mas receptor. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of Ang-(1-7) on blood pressure and cardiac remodelling in a rat model of renal mass ablation. Male SD (Sprague-Dawle...
The relationship between preeclampsia and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is poorly understood. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key RAS component and plays an important role in blood pressure homeostasis by generating angiotensin II (Ang II) and inactivating the vasodilator angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)). ACE (I/D) polymorphism is char...
Citations
... During the study period, 651 patients visited the cac. We excluded nine patients including five patients who visited the cac <1 month after the onset of cOViD-19 and four patients who had an unconfirmed infection or had no clear complaints (Figure 1) [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] years in the group without menstrual symptoms. the patients with menstrual symptoms were significantly older than those without menstrual symptoms (*p = 0.036). ...
... *p = 0.039), and depressive mood (9.1 vs. 1.1%: **p = 0.003) were significantly more frequent in the group with menstrual complaints (Figure 4). a comparison of the self-rating scales for fatigue, quality of life, and depression is shown in Figure 5. the scale scores for fatigue level (Fas) and QOl (eQ), but not the score for depression (sDs), were significantly worse in the long cOViD patients with menstrual symptoms. the scores for Fas, Fas mental, and Fas physical were significantly higher in the group with menstrual symptoms (37 [30.5-43.5] vs. 34 [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]: **p = 0.0088; 18 [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] vs. 15 [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]: **p = 0.0061; and 21 [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] vs. 19 [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]: *p = 0.012, respectively). eQ-5D and eQ-5D Vas scores were also significantly higher in the group with menstrual symptoms (0.62 hormonal trends in female long cOViD patients with menstrual symptoms are shown in Figure 6. ...
... ace2 is known to be expressed in the respiratory tract as well as in reproductive tissues including the ovary, uterus, and vagina [28]. it has been shown that the expression of ace2 receptors differs depending on the phases of the menstrual cycle [29], being abundant in the secretory phase with interfering local homeostasis of angiotensin ii [30]. since the expression of ace2 receptors in the ovaries is involved in follicular development [31,32], saRs-coV-2 infection seems likely to affect female reproductive functions [27] and, at least in part, impair ovarian hormone production and endometrial responses in the periods [33]. ...
Purpose
To elucidate the impact of long COVID on menstruation and mental health, medical records of patients with long COVID were evaluated.
Methods
Symptoms of long COVID, QOL, mental health, and related endocrine data were compared between two groups with and without menstrual disturbances.
Results
Of 349 female patients who visited our clinic between February 2021 and March 2023, 223 patients with long COVID (aged 18–50 years) were included. Forty-four (19.7%) of the patients had menstrual symptoms associated with long COVID. The patients with menstrual symptoms were older than those without menstrual symptoms (42.5 vs. 38 years). The percentage of patients with menstrual symptoms was higher during the Omicron phase (24%) than during the Preceding (13%) and Delta (12%) phases. Cycle irregularity was the most frequent (in 63.6% of the patients), followed by severe pain (25%), heavy bleeding (20.5%), perimenopausal symptoms (18.2%), and premenstrual syndrome (15.9%). Fatigue and depression were the most frequent complications. Scores for fatigue and for QOL were significantly worse in long COVID patients with menstrual symptoms. Results of endocrine examinations showed significantly increased cortisol levels in patients with menstrual complaints.
Conclusion
Long COVID has an impact on menstrual conditions and on QOL related to menstrual conditions.
... Widely expressing ACE2 receptors, the female reproductive tract represents a possible target for SARS-CoV-2 infection. ACE2 is broadly expressed in the ovary (Reis et al., 2011), uterus (fallopian tube, endometrium, cervix) (Brosnihan et al., 2003;Vaz-Silva et al., 2009;Zupin et al., 2020), vagina, and placenta (Jing et al., 2020;Zupin et al., 2020). In rat ovaries, ACE2 receptors were found in the stroma and granulosa cells, and the oocytes (Pereira et al., 2009). ...
... ACE2 receptor is the primary host receptor of SARS-CoV-2. The ACE2 receptors are expressed in the female reproductive system (ovaries, vagina, placenta, uterus, and endometrial epithelial cells in the secretory phase) (Honorato-Sampaio et al., 2012;Vaz-Silva et al., 2009) and male testes (Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and spermatogonia) , suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 can directly exert adverse effects on the reproductive system, damage reproductive organs, and lead to fertility problems (Abdel-Moneim, 2021; . Given the critical role of the immune system in regulating reproductive system homeostasis and function, impaired immune responses in COVID-19 patients may also indirectly alter fertility in both males and females. ...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease affecting multiple systems and organs, including the reproductive system. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, can damage reproductive organs through direct (angiotensin converting enzyme-2, ACE-2) and indirect mechanisms. The immune system plays an essential role in the homeostasis and function of the male and female reproductive systems. Therefore, an altered immune response related to infectious and inflammatory diseases can affect reproductive function and fertility in both males and females. This narrative review discussed the dysregulation of innate and adaptive systems induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. We reviewed the evidence showing that this altered immune response in COVID-19 patients is the major indirect mechanism leading to adverse reproduction outcomes in these patients. We summarized studies reporting the long-term effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on women's reproductive function and proposed the chronic inflammation and chronic autoimmunity characterizing long COVID as potential underlying mechanisms. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of autoimmunity and chronic inflammation (long COVID) in altered female reproduction function in COVID-19.
... Although ACE2 is particularly prevalent in type II pneumocytes, it has also been found in the upper respiratory tract, including the throat, and in the gastrointestinal tract, mainly in the small intestine [7]. In addition, ACE2 has been identified at different levels in the heart, liver, kidneys and the brain, as well as in endometrial cells, embryonic cells and placental cells (e.g., syncytio-and cytotrophoblast) [9][10][11]. The expression of ACE2 is negatively correlated with gestational age: it is highest in trophoblast cells during the first trimester, and insignificant or undetectable in placenta cells during the third trimester [12]. ...
Objectives:
Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy. Infections are well-known causes of pregnancy loss. It has been suggested that infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus may also have an adverse effect on the course of early pregnancy, causing miscarriage.
Aim:
To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy loss during the first half of pregnancy.
Material and methods:
The clinical records of patients hospitalized at the Department of Fetal Medicine and Gynecology; Medical University of Lodz were retrospectively reviewed. The study was done during the pandemic (March 2020 to the end of March 2022) and the previous 2 years due to missed abortion, indicated by no fetal heartbeat and spontaneous (complete or incomplete) abortion with vaginal bleeding.
Results:
While 682 women were hospitalized due to miscarriage in the first half of pregnancy in the period 2018-2020, there were 516 hospitalized during the pandemic. No differences in the proportion of missed and spontaneous abortions with bleeding were found between the group of patients before and during the epidemic SARS CoV-2. COVID-19 exposure appears to have an impact on earlier pregnancy loss.
Conclusions:
There is no evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic predisposes to the abnormal course of pregnancy in its first half.
Objectives:
Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy. Infections are well-known causes of pregnancy loss. It has been suggested that infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus may also have an adverse effect on the course of early pregnancy, causing miscarriage.
Aim:
To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy loss during the first half of pregnancy.
Material and methods:
The clinical records of patients hospitalized at the Department of Fetal Medicine and Gynecology; Medical University of Lodz were retrospectively reviewed. The study was done during the pandemic (March 2020 to the end of March 2022) and the previous 2 years due to missed abortion, indicated by no fetal heartbeat and spontaneous (complete or incomplete) abortion with vaginal bleeding.
Results:
While 682 women were hospitalized due to miscarriage in the first half of pregnancy in the period 2018-2020, there were 516 hospitalized during the pandemic. No differences in the proportion of missed and spontaneous abortions with bleeding were found between the group of patients before and during the epidemic SARS CoV-2. COVID-19 exposure appears to have an impact on earlier pregnancy loss.
Conclusions:
There is no evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic predisposes to the abnormal course of pregnancy in its first half.
... Based on current research reports, there is no clear evidence yet that SARS-CoV-2 infection has a negative impact on ovarian function and IVF outcomes [35,36]. But, there is some evidence that the testes are a higher risk organ for infection, which has a molecular basis for binding to SARS-CoV-2 [37]- [39]. Based on the above, Chinese scholars highlight that attention should be paid to young patients with fertility requirements during and after COVID-19, and emphasize the importance of fertility evaluation and clinical intervention [40]. ...
Objective:
The COVID-19 pandemic has been the most serious public health emergency encountered in modern assisted reproductive technology (ART) development. In order to identify lessons learned, this study reviews the effect of the pandemic on ART institutions and human sperm banks in China, and summarizes the experiences and reflections of Chinese scholars post-pandemic era.
Methods:
This review is based on multiple consensus statements on the COVID-19 pandemic issued by Chinese experts as well as current national regulations and principles in ART institutions and human sperm banks to document the current situation of ART services in China, describe the impact of the pandemic on these services, and offer Chinese reflections on worrying issues in the post-pandemic era.
Results:
China reached one million ART cycles in 2016, and there are currently 540 ART medical institutions and 27 human sperm banks, with 540 licensed for AIH, 91 for AID, 415 for conventional IVF and ICSI and 85 for PGT. Of these, only 4 institutions carry out 10,000 cycles or more annually, and the proportion of institutions with less than 1,000 cycles has reached 66%, which means that a considerable number of ART institutions are still not saturated. As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, 63.6% of ART providers and 95.5% of human sperm banks suspended operations. By the end of May 2020, China, as an early country affected by the pandemic achieved a national resumption rate of ART medical services of 99.2% and that of human sperm banks of 100.0%. Reports from the first and largest human sperm bank in China showed that qualification, semen concentration and sperm viability rates measured at primary screening have significantly decreased post-pandemic. Much like in other countries, Chinese experts developed a consensus on prevention and control measures during the pandemic. In principle, all ART activities should be suspended during acute phases of infection spread. Chinese scholars highlight that attention should be paid to young patients with fertility requirements during and after COVID-19, and emphasize the importance of fertility evaluation and clinical intervention. In addition, couples should be reminded that during ART treatment, disinfectants should not be used excessively to minimize risks of damaging the reproductive system, gametes and zygotes. At the same time, timely and reasonable guidance for tackling negative emotions from stress response is needed to provide reassurance and to avoid irrational fear and excessive stress. Seminal parameters should be re-examined 2 months after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and ART treatments recommenced if no abnormalities are detected.
Conclusions:
Given the growing frequency of outbreaks of global infectious diseases in recent years, ART institutions and human sperm banks should pay attention to improving their prevention and control capabilities. To a certain extent, decisions and measures adopted in China during COVID-19 pandemic are worthy of recognition and acceptance. Chinese scholars have discussed, proactively responded to and understand the key issues surrounding ART development during the pandemic with the aim of contributing to the substantial progress and healthy development of ART services in the world.
... Hasta odasında geçirdiği vakti azaltmalı, koruyucu kıyafetler kullanmalıdır (10,14). bakım verici ve eğiticidir (20,21). Hemşire hastaya, evde ağrısının arttığı zamanları, şiddetini, yerini ve ağrıyı geçirme yöntemlerini kaydetmesini söylemelidir. ...
... Böylece tıbbi kontrollerde analjezik yönetimi daha etkin şekilde planlanabilecektir. Ayrıca hemşire hastaya kullandığı analjeziklerin yan etkilerini anlatmalıdır (21). ...
... Kanser gibi hayati bir hastalığın varlığı hastayı ve aile üyelerini psikososyal açıdan etkilemektedir. Hemşire, stres, korku, ölüm anksiyetesi, depresyon, güçsüzlük, duygusal çöküş gibi psikolojik sorunlara, hasta ve ailesinin kültürel ve dini inanışlarını da dikkate alarak bakım vermelidir (10,21,23). ...
Sağlık Bilimleri Araştırmaları:Hemşirelik & Ebelik isimli bu kitap multidisipliner bir yaklaşımla sağlık alanında yapılan akademik çalışmalar biraraya getirilerek hazırlanmıştır. Kitapta alanında güncel gelişmelere yer verilerek hazırlanmış 12 bölüm yer almaktadır. Sağlık alanında yapılmış olan bu akademik çalışmaların literatüre katkı sağlaması amaçlanmaktadır.
... Interstitial Leydig cells are adjacent to the seminiferous tubules. Abnormalities in male germ cells or disorders of somatic cells that support the stages of sperm formation cause male infertility [33]. Sertoli cells are rather large support cells that sit on the basal lamina and do not divide. ...
Spike surface glycoprotein and small envelope matrix-nucleocapsid proteins, is from the Coronaviridae family and binds to host receptors via spike surface proteins. Although it shows its symptoms especially on the respiratory tract, various studies have been carried out considering that it also affects other systems in the body. For the virus to enter the host cell, it must bind to ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2). ACE2 is a key protein involved in balancing Ang I and Ang II levels. With receptors such as TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine protease 2), the effects of the virus on the human reproductive system are much better understood. Since human germ cells and early embryos express ACE2, there is a potential risk of the Coronavirus associated with germ cells. Studies show that the coronavirus changes the amount and density of hormones in the human reproductive system. The fact that most of the partners of 35 female patients who had SARS-CoV-2 in the studies were infected individuals suggests that sexual transmission may be possible. It was determined that TMPRSS4, Cathepsin B and L, FURIN, MX1 and BSG gene expressions were high in the menstrual cycle, while ACE 2 and TMPRSS2 were moderately expressed. It has been shown that the ACE2 enzyme is most intensely expressed is the testes. Studies have shown that sperm DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fragmentation, changes in hormone levels and the formation of anti-sperm antibodies are an important cause of male infertility. Infected men have been found to have an impaired spermatogenesis. This rewiew; it aims to draw attention to the possible effects of the corona virus on the human reproductive system and to reveal new mechanisms for new research to be done.
... However, a recent study explored the possible mechanisms of its impact. According to this study, the expression of the ACE2 gene was increased in oocytes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina (Fig. 5) [173][174][175]. . This infection may cause the production of inflammatory cytokines, transient disruption of the blood-testis barrier, and depletion of germ cells, ultimately leading to impaired spermatogenesis. ...
... Studying these effects is necessary to consider these different symptoms in diagnosing and treating COVID-19. The pathological effects of COVID-19 on body organs examined in this paper are summarised in Table 2. [168,[170][171][172] Effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis Female gonads: [173][174][175] Male gonads: [24,[176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184]] Effects on pancreas [181,183] ...
The SARS-COV-2 virus is the cause of the 2020 pandemic that has infected and killed millions worldwide. While the upper respiratory tract cells are the primary targets of COVID-19, the virus can infiltrate other tissues and organs, leading to potentially serious complications. The new coronavirus primarily affects angiotensin II receptor and cytokine pathways, which can result in acute pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, vascular endothelial dysfunction, pulmonary embolism in the lungs, and cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, heart failure, and intravenous thrombosis in the heart. COVID-19 infection can be associated with gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Also, reports of mild and transient liver damage, polyneuropathy, encephalitis, stroke, acute renal failure, hypocortisolism, and damage to the hypothalamus and pituitary system are available. COVID-19 can also be associated with skin symptoms such as rash, urticaria, maculopapular lesions, and vascular lesions such as chill blain, petechiae purpura, and scalpopathy. This narrative review evaluates the pathogenesis of novel coronavirus on body organs based on relevant published papers and reference books.
... It is well known that SARS-CoV-2 utilizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the primary receptor-binding site to invade target host cells [11]. The ACE2 is expressed in many female reproductive organs, such as ovaries, uterus, and vagina [12][13][14]. In addition, basigin/CD147 has already been identified as a potential additional host receptor for viral entry [15]. ...
Purpose
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has imposed a heavy burden on medical systems. In addition to the respiratory system, the virus also causes injuries to other organs and systems such as the gastroenteric system, kidneys, and reproductive system. Female reproductive health requires more attention in this context.
Methods
We have performed a thorough review of the relevant literature that addresses the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination on the female reproductive system.
Results
Most evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 does not infect the female reproductive system. However, the virus may indirectly influence sex hormone concentrations through inflammation associated with cytokine storms and nervous system damage. Menstrual disorders in women infected with SARS-CoV-2 may be caused by down-regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, abnormal hormone levels, medications, and stress. There is no significant difference in ovarian follicle quality and in vitro fertilization parameters between the pre- and post-COVID-19 vaccination groups. In addition, most symptoms due to side effects of vaccination could recover within a short period of time.
Conclusion
SARS-CoV-2 infection affects female reproductive system function through multiple mechanisms. It is recommended that women of childbearing age be vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine.
... Also, ACE2 has been found to be expressed in the endometrium and ovarian granulosa cells and could be regulated by gonadotrophins and has been involved in the regulation of follicular development. [16][17][18] These may be the potential factors for SARS-CoV-2 affecting female fertility. Herrero et al [19] focused on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on ovarian function by comparing follicular fluid (FF) from the control and recovered COVID-19 patients and evaluating the influence of the FF on human endothelial and nonluteinized granulosa in cell cultures, which showed that the majority of FFs from post-COVID-19 patients were positive for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and higher levels of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 were related to lower number of retrieved oocytes, which indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection adversely affects the follicular microenvironment, leading to dysregulation of ovarian function. ...
Background:
Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the primary approach in the fight against the spread of COVID-19. Studies have shown that vaccination against COVID-19 has adverse effects, particularly on human reproductive health, despite the fact that vaccination rates are still on the rise. However, few studies have reported whether vaccination affects the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) or not. In this study, we compared the outcome of IVF-ET and the development of follicles and embryos between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups.
Methods:
A single-center retrospective cohort study of 10,541 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles was conducted from June 2020 to August 2021. 835 IVF cycles with a history of vaccination against COVID-19 and 1670 IVF cycles that served as negative controls were selected and analyzed utilizing the Matchlt package of R software (http://www.R-project.org/) and the nearest neighbor matching algorithm for propensity-matched analysis at a 1:2 ratio.
Results:
The number of oocytes collected in the vaccinated group and the unvaccinated group were 8.00 (0, 40.00) and 9.00 (0, 77.00) (P = 0.073) and the good-quality embryo rates of the two groups were 0.56±0.32 and 0.56±0.31 averagely (P = 0.964). Clinical pregnancy rates for the vaccinated group and unvaccinated group were 42.4% (155/366) and 40.2% (328/816) (P = 0.486) and biochemical pregnancy rates were 7.1% (26/366) and 8.7% (71/816) (P = 0.355). Two other factors were analyzed in this study; vaccination among different genders and different types (inactivated vaccine or recombinant adenovirus vaccine) showed no statistically significant effect on the above outcomes.
Conclusions:
In our findings, vaccination against COVID-19 showed no statistically significant effect on the outcomes of IVF-ET and the development of follicles and embryos, nor did the gender of the vaccinated person or the formulation of vaccines showed significant effects.
... As our data suggested, men worrying about themselves or their relatives being infected with COVID-19 showed a higher risk of anxiety, depression, and stress, and men with fever, fatigue, or headaches during the pandemic were more vulnerable to depression symptoms. It has been suggested that the coronavirus infection could impair the male reproductive system if spermatogenic tubules, testicular stromal cells, and spermatogenic cells in the testis are invaded by the virus [71][72][73][74]. Testicular damage was found to be more severe in men of procreant age than in older men [75][76][77]. ...
Background
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has had a widespread and profound impact on people’s mental health. The factors associated with mental symptoms among men diagnosed with infertility, a disease closely related to psychological conditions, remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the risk factors associated with mental symptoms among infertile Chinese men during the pandemic.
Results
A total of 4,098 eligible participants were recruited in this cross-sectional, nationwide study, including 2,034 (49.6%) with primary infertility and 2,064 (50.4%) with secondary infertility. The prevalence of mental health conditions was 36.3%, 39.6%, and 6.7% for anxiety, depression, and post-pandemic stress, respectively. Sexual dysfunction is associated with a higher risk with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.40 for anxiety, 1.38 for depression, and 2.32 for stress. Men receiving infertility drug therapy displayed a higher risk for anxiety (adjusted OR, 1.31) and depression (adjusted OR, 1.28) symptoms, while those receiving intrauterine insemination had a lower risk of anxiety (adjusted OR, 0.56) and depression (adjusted OR, 0.55) symptoms.
Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant psychological impact on infertile men. Several psychologically vulnerable populations were identified, including individuals with sexual dysfunction, respondents receiving infertility drug therapy, and those experiencing control measures for COVID-19. The findings provide a comprehensive profile of the mental health status of infertile Chinese men during the COVID-19 outbreak and provide potential psychological intervention strategies.
