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Introducing summer staple crops to diversify conventional summer paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) rotation is important for sustainable agriculture. Herein, we evaluate the effects of planting date (early June to late July) and tillage practice (deep cultivation, DC; conventional tillage, CT) on two maize and soybean cultivar...
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... samples were collected from the field in a "W" pattern and then homogenized, while soil surface bulk density was randomly sampled. Environmental conditions data are provided in the Supplementary File (Supplementary Figure S1 and Tables S1 and S2). To improve horizontal drainage, a 40-cm deep ditch was created at the experiment field border using a small excavator (SV08, Yanmar, Japan) on GNU Research Farm. ...
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... were planted either side, on the ridge, with 70-cm inter-row spacing. Intra-row spacing was 30 cm for maize and 10 cm for soybean ( Figure 1). Maize seeds were sown at one seed per hill (48,000 seed ha −1 ), while soybean seeds at two seeds per hill (286,000 seed ha −1 ) using hand-pushed disk planter (TP-10RA, Agritechno Yazaki Korea, Cheongju, Korea). ...
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... evaluated the flowering (tasseling) and harvest dates with respect to the planting date during the 4 years ( Table 8). For Kwangpyeongok maize, in 2018, tasseling of crops from the 7/25 planting was delayed compared to that of crops from other plantings due to relatively low temperature during the late vegetative stage in September (Supplementary Figure S1). Crops from the 6/10 to 7/10 plantings were at the R5 stage at harvesting, however crops from the 7/25 planting remained at the R3-4 stage at harvesting which led to yield loss. Crops from the 7/25 planting was harvested to clear the field in preparation for the following onion cultivation. ...
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... might have affected the overall canopy development of crops from the different plantings to a similar extent. Crops from the 6/30 and 7/15 plantings were exposed to heavy rainfall during early growing season in 2020 (Supplementary Figure S1), with a similar overall GDD. This might have reduced plant growth during the seedling stage, thereby reducing plant canopy height throughout the growing season in 2020. ...
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... 2018, delayed planting (7/10 and 7/25) was resulted in a highly robust LAI development until 7WAP, however, crops from the 6/10 planting had the highest LAI for both silage corn and waxy corn at 9WAP. The four planting dates resulted in similar GDD for the crops (1155-1270); only crops from the 6/10 planting received adequate amount of accumulated rainfall (475 mm). Crops from the other plantings received 769 mm rainfall on average, which negatively affected plant growth during the mid-growing season. ...
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... In addition, GDD in 2022 was lower by 6 and 77 • C compared to 2020 and 2021 in October, respectively ( Table 2). Lee et al. (2022) suggested that conditions with higher GDD levels are favorable to an increase in soybean grain yield [25]. Therefore, it appears that the combination of drought conditions and lower GDD resulted in reduced grain yield. ...
To diversify upland cropping systems, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum; IRG) can be incorporated as forage or green manure to soybean (Glycine max L.). The current study was conducted to analyze the effect of IRG cultivar and usage methods on the subsequent soybean above- and below-ground growth, as well as the yield, under different conditions. Three cycles of crop rotation were implemented with the combination of IRG cultivar (early maturing “Kowinearly”; late maturing “Winterhawk”), IRG usage (green manure for which both above- and below-ground biomass was incorporated, +CC; and forage for which only below-ground biomass was incorporated, −CC), and fallow soil as control. The soybean yield of +CC was consistently high regardless of the IRG cultivar, and it demonstrated an increase even under unfavorable weather conditions, while −CC treated did not differ from control. Incorporated IRG could serve as a starter fertilizer (79 to 156 kg ha−1 of N input). Soybean root characteristic differences showed substantial variability depending on the year and treatments. However, when compared to the control, no adverse effects of IRG were evident. Thus, using IRG as a green manure has the potential to enhance soybean yield, while using IRG as a forage could bring additional harvested matter to the rotational system.
... Conversely, an absence of positive results has also been observed, for instance, for sugarcane yield in Oxisols in Brazil [31], and for maize and soybean in paddy soils in Korea [32]. This indicates that different soils can respond differently to tillage practices, due to differences in properties such as structure, pore size distribution, effective depth, and densification. ...
Choosing the appropriate management system is essential for sustainable agricultural practices. Yet, soil-specific properties at the subsurface are seldom considered when choosing the appropriate tillage system. This study assessed the effect of tillage depth on physical–hydraulic properties in three contrasting soil classes in the establishment of perennial crops. Tillage practices were evaluated in soils with natural dense layers (Inceptisols and Ultisols), and soils with very small and stable granular structure (Oxisols). From least to most aggressive, tested tillage systems included surface furrowing + plant holes (MT); plowing followed by two diskings + furrowing (CT); plowing followed by two diskings + subsoiling (SB); and plowing followed by two diskings + rotary hoeing (DM). Physical indicators with the greatest explanatory power were relative field capacity (RFC, 97%), aeration capacity (AC, 95%), macroporosity (Pmac, 95%), the S index (Sgi, 89%), and bulk density (Bd, 81%). DM caused the greatest modification in soil structure, especially at the surface. It increased values of AC, Pmac, and Sgi, and reduced Bd values. Only deep tillage systems (DM and SB) improved soil structure in deeper layers. Highest Bd values were observed for MT (1.47 g cm−3), and lowest for DM (1.21 g cm−3). Soil classes responded differently to soil tillage systems. DM was most effective in soils with densified layers (Inceptisol and Ultisol). Effects were less expressive in the studied Oxisol. Comparing MT and DM, Pmac increased by more than 100% in the studied Ultisol, but by less than 20% in the Oxisol. No tillage system affected the Oxisol’s soil structure in deeper layers, due to its small and stable granular structure. The choice of optimal tillage strategies should consider soil-specific properties, especially at greater depths, to guarantee more productive and sustainable crop systems.
