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Interpretation of inhibition zone sizes of different antimicrobial agents against Campylobacter species.
Source publication
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Contaminated chickens and their products are the main sources of human campylobacteriosis. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the genotypic and virulence genes‘ profiles of multi-drug resistant (MDR) C. jejuni isolates and to assess the effects...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... antimicrobials (Oxoid, Cambridge, UK) belonging to seven different classes were used: norfloxacin (NOR, 10 µg), ciprofloxacin (CIP, 5 µg), nalidixic acid (NA, 30 µg), cephalothin (KF, 30 µg), erythromycin (E, 15 µg), kanamycin (K, 30 µg), gentamicin (CN, 10 µg), tetracycline (TE, 30 µg), ampicillin (AM, 10 µg) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT, 25 µg). The degree of sensitivity of each isolate was determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone around each disc and the results were interpreted according to the clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) ( Table 1) [27,28]. The MDR was defined as resistance to three or more unrelated antimicrobial agents. ...Context 2
... 24 antimicrobial resistance patterns were recorded among MDR C. jejuni isolates. Twenty-one C. jejuni isolates (18.6%) exhibited the most common resistant spectrum (AM, E, NA, CIP, TE, SXT) (Supplementary Table S1). ...Context 3
... Materials: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2076-261 5/1/10/10003/s1, Figure S1: Distribution of VirB11, wlaN and flaA genes among avian and human C. jejuni isolates, Figure S2: Distribution of one, two and three virulence genes among avian and human C. jejuni isolates, Table S1: Distribution of antimicrobial resistance patterns among multidrugresistant C. jejuni isolates, Table S2: Distribution of virulence gene profiles among human and avian multi-drug resistant C. jejuni isolates, Table S3: Jaccard Coefficient similarity matrix between poultry and human C. jejuni isolates falling in ERIC-PCR clusters II-V, Table S4: Discriminatory power and profile numbers for different typing methods of 25 C. jejuni isolates. ...Similar publications
Campylobacter spp. are among the leading foodborne pathogens, causing campylobacteriosis, a zoonotic infection that results in bacterial gastroenteritis and diarrheal disease in animals and humans. This study investigated the molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter spp. isolated across the farm-to-fork-continuum in an intensive...
Citations
... Since most bacterial illnesses in duck flocks cannot be totally prevented by vaccination, antibiotics are often recommended as a control measure. In the poultry industry, improper usage of antibiotics results in higher rates of resistance, leading to the growth of multidrugresistant bacteria and subsequently raises concern (Ammar et al., 2021). This study aims to identify the bacterial pathogens incriminated in the duck enteritis problem using conventional biochemical tests, VITEK 2 system as well as PCR. ...
Background
Bacterial infections causing digestive problems are among the most serious threats to Egypt's duck industry, owing to their effects on feed utilization and body weight gain.
Aim
As a result, the goal of this study was to identify bacterial pathogens causing enteritis in ducks as well as testing their antimicrobials resistance capabilities.
Methods
Forty-two duck flocks from different localities at four Egyptian Governorates (El-Sharkia, El-Gharbia, El-Dakahlia, and El-Qaliobia) have been subjected to clinical and postmortem examination as well as bacterial isolation and identification. The liver samples have been collected aseptically from freshly euthanized ducks for bacterial isolation followed by identification using conventional biochemical tests, VITEK 2 system, and confirmatory polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of the uid A gene (beta-glucuronidase enzyme) of Escherichia coli. In addition, antimicrobial sensitivity testing for the isolates against different antimicrobials by the VITEK 2 system was used.
Results
Forty-six positive bacterial isolates were identified using conventional methods and the VITEK 2 system including Staphylococcus spp. (52.17%), E. coli (41.30%), and 2.17% for each of Enterococcus casseli lavus, Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae, and Enterobacter cloacae. PCR was positive for E. coli uid A gene at 556 bp. The antibiogram patterns of isolated pathogens from naturally infected ducks in our work demonstrated 87% multidrug resistance with varying results against different antimicrobial drugs tested. Such findings supported the fact of the upgrading multidrug resistance of Staphylococci and Enterobacteriacae.
Conclusion
The most prevalent bacterial pathogens associated with duck enteritis were Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli with the first report of S. enterica subspecies arizonae causing duck enteritis in Egypt.
... Berberine conjugated MPS-NPs efficacy on strong biofilm producing and multi-virulent VRSA strains 2.6.1 In vitro assays 2.6.1.1 Antibacterial activities of Free-BR and BR loaded MPS-NPs The antibacterial activities of Free-BR and prepared BR loaded MPS-NPs against strong biofilm producing and multi-virulent VRSA strains embracing all explored virulence genes; icaA, tst, clfA, hla and pvl utilizing the agar well diffusion (Yadav et al., 2015) and broth microdilution (Ammar et al., 2021b) methods were assessed in triplicate. The potency of tested compounds was affirmed via distinguishing largest inhibition zone diameters and lowest values of MIC. ...
... A SYBR Green quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) approach (Ammar et al., 2021b) was used for determining the efficacy of Free-BR and prepared berberine conjugated MPS-NPs SICs on virulence and agr genes expression among strong biofilm producing and multi-virulent VRSA strains. The QIAamp RNease Mini Kit (Qiagen, USA) was employed to extract RNA from Free-BR and prepared berberine conjugated MPS-NPs treated or non-treated bacterial cells. ...
Introduction
As a growing direction, nano-based therapy has become a successful paradigm used to address the phytogenic delivery-related problems in overcoming multivirulent vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) infection.
Methods
Hence, our aim was to develop and assess a novel nanocarrier system (mesoporous silica nanoparticles, MPS-NPs) for free berberine (Free-BR) as an antimicrobial alkaloid against strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA strains using in vitro and in vivo mouse model.
Results and discussion
Our outcomes demonstrated vancomycin resistance in 13.7% of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains categorized as VRSA. Notably, strong biofilm formation was observed in 69.2% of VRSA strains that were all positive for icaA gene. All strong biofilm-producing VRSA strains harbored a minimum of two virulence genes comprising clfA and icaA with 44.4% of them possessing all five virulence genes (icaA, tst, clfA, hla, and pvl), and 88.9% being multi-virulent. The study findings affirmed excellent in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of BR-loaded MPS-NPs. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay displayed the downregulating role of BR-loaded MPS-NPs on strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA strains virulence and agr genes in both in vitro and in vivo mice models. Additionally, BR-loaded MPS-NPs supplementation has a promising role in attenuating the upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines’ genes in VRSA-infected mice with attenuation in pro-apoptotic genes expression resulting in reduced VRSA-induced apoptosis. In essence, the current study recommends the future scope of using BR-loaded MPS-NPs as auspicious alternatives for antimicrobials with tremendous antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-quorum sensing (QS), and anti-virulence effectiveness against problematic strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA-associated infections.
... In the context of Campylobacter species pathogenicity, which depends on the presence of virulence factors that differ according to hosts and different Campylobacter species; in our study flaA gene found in mixed infection, C. coli and C. jejuni with 100%,25% and 0%, respectively. In related studies lower and higher isolation rate of each virulence gene varies from one study to another; for example, flaA gene was demonstrated 5% (Abdel Hafez, 2018). in contrast, a higher isolation rate was obtained from Sharika governorate, Egypt by Ammar et al. (2020). In our study cadF gene demonstrated 100% in mixed infection and C. jejuni while represented with12.5% in C. coli isolates; a lower isolation rate of cadF gene was recorded by Ghoneim et al. (2021), which showed lower percentages of cadF found in C. jejuni which were 20.58%, 10.52% and 7.69% of isolates from broiler chickens, layer chickens and human stool samples, respectively, with a total percentage of 15.15%. ...
Thermotolerant Campylobacter genus is one of the most prevalent causes of gastroenteritis in humans, especially C. coli and C. jejuni. Despite the importance of Campylobacter diagnosis to public health, many laboratories continue to adopt the slow, inaccurate conventional culturing approach, which leads to false-negative/
positive results. The origin, transmission, pathogenicity, and pathophysiology of
Campylobacter spp. diseases are poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, the samples were collected over a period from August 2021 to September 2022; about 100 poultry samples and 43 stool specimens from children were collected. According
to conventional culturing techniques, the overall prevalence of the Campylobacter genus in both poultry and humans was determined to be 31.5%, whereas PCR analysis of poultry (30) and human specimens (43) for Campylobacter genus revealed a 35.6% isolation rate. While C. coli was the only species detected in poultry-positive
Campylobacter genus samples demonstrated by 27.3%, the human-positive
Campylobacter’s isolates were C.coli with 33.3%, C. jejuni and mixed infection with 6.7%. Shannon and Simpson biodiversity indexes quantify genetic diversity; assuming that Campylobacter species express virulence genes differently, we found that C.
coli had a higher Shannon diversity index (0.8487) and Simpson index (0.4938), while C. jejuni had (0.6931) for Shannon and (0.5) for Simpson index. Regarding host
virulence genes diversity, human-derived strains had a higher Shannon diversity index (1.474) and Simpson index (0.75) than poultry. This study provided evidence that the genetic profiles of circulating species of Campylobacter differ depending on the origin, highlighting the need for genetic diversity knowledge for effective management and prevention strategies.
... Eugenol also downregulated the expression of the flaA gene, but to a lesser extent, with a two-fold reduction. The use of phytochemicals, such as beta-resorcylic acid and eugenol, at sub-inhibitory concentrations of 125 µg/mL showed promising results against 345 C. jejuni isolates from humans and broiler chickens, as reported by Ammar [49]. Eugenol was found to inhibit bacterial invasion of chicken intestinal epithelial cells by 29.16-31.94%, ...
The contact and adherence of bacteria to various surfaces has significant consequences on biofilm formation through changes in bacterial surface structures or gene expression with potential ramifications on plant and animal health. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of organic acid-based mixtures (Ac) on the ability Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli to attach and form biofilm on various surfaces, including plastic, chicken carcass skins, straw bedding, and eggshells. Moreover, we aimed to explore the effect of Ac on the expression of E. coli (luxS, fimC, csgD) and C. jejuni (luxS, flaA, flaB) bacterial genes involved in the attachment and biofilm formation via changes in bacterial surface polysaccharidic structures. Our results show that Ac had a significant effect on the expression of these genes in bacteria either attached to these surfaces or in planktonic cells. Moreover, the significant decrease in bacterial adhesion was coupled with structural changes in bacterial surface polysaccharide profiles, impacting their adhesion and biofilm-forming ability. Essentially, our findings accentuate the potential of natural antimicrobials, such as Ac, in reducing bacterial attachment and biofilm formation across various environments, suggesting promising potential applications in sectors like poultry production and healthcare.
... Therefore, proper control practices should be directed to prevent the wide spreading of bovine mastitis through segregations or selective culling of infected animals in some cases, which did not respond to any type of treatment protocols side by side with proper milking procedures (Ruegg, 2017). Interestingly, poor prognosis is always associated with the bacterial pathogens with multivirulence arrays (Ammar et al., 2020). Biofilm production is one of the main causes of antimicrobial resistance and it is a leading trait for increasing the sharpness and frequency of bovine mastitis treatment failure. ...
Introduction
There is an urgent need to develop therapeutic options for biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Therefore, the renewed interest in essential oils (EOs), especially carvacrol, linalool and eugenol, has attracted the attention of our research group.
Methods
Multidrug resistance and multivirulence profiles in addition to biofilm production of S. aureus strains isolated from cows with mastitis were evaluated using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of EOs were tested using both in vitro and molecular docking studies. Moreover, the interactions between commonly used antibiotics and the tested EOs were detected using the checkerboard method.
Results
We found that all our isolates (n= 37) were biofilm methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) producers and 40.5% were vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Unfortunately, 73 and 43.2% of the recovered MRSA isolates showed multidrug resistant (MDR) and multivirulence patterns, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of the tested EOs matched with the phenotypic evaluation of the antibiofilm activities and molecular docking studies. Linalool showed the highest antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, followed by carvacrol and eugenol EOs. Fortunately, synergistic interactions between the investigated EOs and methicillin or vancomycin were detected with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values ≤ 0.5. Moreover, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of 13 isolates changed to sensitive phenotypes after treatment with any of the investigated EOs. Treatment failure of bovine mastitis with resistant S. aureus can be avoided by combining the investigated EOs with available antimicrobial drugs.
Conclusion
We hope that our findings can be translated into a formulation of new pharmaceutical dosage forms against biofilm-producing S. aureus pathogens.
... Three EOs; trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol and carvacrol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), the main phenolic components of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylandicum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and oregano (Origanum glandulosum), respectively [33] were utilized to assess their antibacterial activities against the multi-virulent and MDR-MRSA isolates harboring all investigated virulence genes; sea, eta, tst, icaA, and cna using agar well diffusion [52] and broth microdilution [53] methods. Each experiment was done in triplicate. ...
... The efficacy of EOs' SICs on virulence genes expression in multivirulent and MDR-MRSA isolates was detected using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay [53]. Briefly, each selected multi-virulent and MDR-MRSA isolate was incubated at 37 • C for 24 h in Muller-Hinton broth (Oxoid, UK) with and without tested EOs' SICs. ...
... Furthermore, our results presented alarming high resistance rates to oxacillin, amoxicillin and ampicillin because they are commonly utilized for the treatment of staphylococcal infection being problematic when antibiotic treatment becomes limited. Therefore, antibiotic usage must be controlled in animals and humans [53] by employing phytogenics as a natural alternative-based medicine [20]. ...
Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) is a foremost human and animal pathogen with public health and veterinary significance causing hospital and community infections and contagious bovine mastitis. Due to its ability to develop multidrug resistance (MDR) and its pathogenicity, MRSA infection control is becoming a global concern. Natural antibacterial options are needed to combat MDR development and infectious dissemination. This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes profiling of MRSA isolates and explored the antivirulence efficacy of trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol essential oils (EOs) against multivirulent and MDR-MRSA isolates. 36 Staph aureus isolates (25%) were retrieved, of which 34 (94.4%) were MRSA. A high prevalence of MDR (66.7%) was monitored and all 53 molecularly verified isolates possessed icaA and cna virulence genes. Moreover, 94.1% of these isolates were multivirulent with 23.5% of them carrying icaA, cna, eta, tst, and sea virulence genes. Our data proved superior in vitro antimicrobial and antivirulence activities of trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol. They inhibited the growth of multi-virulent and MDR-MRSA isolates and downregulated the transcription of examined virulence genes. Our study suggests using EOs as prospective antimicrobials with excellent antivirulence activities against MRSA isolates. We provided data regarding the eventual role of phytogenics in the prevention and control of MRSA infection.
https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1hbam38ed-XehC
... Advances in the discovery of the new antimicrobial agents have occurred slowly. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new and alternative therapies (29). Recently, drug repurposing, or drug repositioning, has gained the attention of many researchers owing to the low monetary cost and the minimum risk of failure (30). ...
Control and management of life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections are a global health challenge. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapies, treatment failures for resistant bacterial and fungal infections continue to increase. We aimed to repurpose the anthelmintic drug rafoxanide for use with existing therapeutic drugs to increase the possibility of better managing infection and decrease treatment failures. For this purpose, we evaluated the antibacterial and antifungal potential of rafoxanide. Notably, 70% (70/100) of bacterial isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns, with higher prevalence among human isolates (73.5% [50/68]) than animal ones (62.5% [20/32]). Moreover, 22 fungal isolates (88%) were MDR and were more prevalent among animal (88.9%) than human (87.5%) sources. We observed alarming MDR patterns among bacterial isolates, i.e., Klebsiella pneumoniae (75% [30/40; 8 animal and 22 human]) and Escherichia coli (66% [40/60; 12 animal and 28 human]), and fungal isolates, i.e., Candida albicans (86.7% [13/15; 4 animal and 9 human]) and Aspergillus fumigatus (90% [9/10; 4 animal and 5 human]), that were resistant to at least one agent in three or more different antimicrobial classes. Rafoxanide had antibacterial and antifungal activities, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) ranging from 2 to 128 μg/mL. Rafoxanide at sub-MICs downregulated the mRNA expression of resistance genes, including E. coli and K. pneumoniae blaCTX-M-1, blaTEM-1, blaSHV, MOX, and DHA, C. albicans ERG11, and A. fumigatus cyp51A. We noted the improvement in the activity of β-lactam and antifungal drugs upon combination with rafoxanide. This was apparent in the reduction in the MICs of cefotaxime and fluconazole when these drugs were combined with sub-MIC levels of rafoxanide. There was obvious synergism between rafoxanide and cefotaxime against all E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates (fractional inhibitory concentration index [FICI] values ≤ 0.5). Accordingly, there was a shift in the patterns of resistance of 16.7% of E. coli and 22.5% of K. pneumoniae isolates to cefotaxime and those of 63.2% of C. albicans and A. fumigatus isolates to fluconazole when the isolates were treated with sub-MICs of rafoxanide. These results were confirmed by in silico and mouse protection assays. Based on the in silico study, one possible explanation for how rafoxanide reduced bacterial resistance is through its inhibitory effects on bacterial and fungal histidine kinase enzymes. In short, rafoxanide exhibited promising results in overcoming bacterial and fungal drug resistance. IMPORTANCE The drug repurposing strategy is an alternative approach to reducing drug development timelines with low cost, especially during outbreaks of disease caused by drug-resistant pathogens. Rafoxanide can disrupt the abilities of bacterial and fungal cells to adapt to stress conditions. The coadministration of antibiotics with rafoxanide can prevent the failure of treatment of both resistant bacteria and fungi, as the resistant pathogens could be made sensitive upon treatment with rafoxanide. From our findings, we anticipate that pharmaceutical companies will be able to utilize new combinations against resistant pathogens.
... With special concern to tilapias, the great expansion of their culture together with their fast growth rate can potentiate the oxidative stress facing them and consequently suppress their immunity and growth rate [4]. Recently, new approaches were directed to lessen the impact of these stressors by neutralizing free radicals [5][6][7][8][9], repairing of biomolecules and membrane systems oxidative damage besides maintenance of normal homoeostasis of physiological system and immune boosting [10]. In parallel, aquafeed industry challenges with concurrent feed stability and storage concerns such as lipid peroxidation of fish oil and feed lipids, which affect the storage time as well as the cellular antioxidant homoeostasis of culture shellfish [11]. ...
Application of novel trend comprising antioxidant phytogenics is aiming to minimize the stress related factors and associated diseases in intensive fish culturing. Today, the concept of exploiting and protecting natural antioxidants represents a paradigm shift for the aqua feed industry. Therefore, our principal goal targeting liposome as a novel nanocarrier for curcumin is directed to attain superior performance, fillet antioxidant stability and bacterial resistance in Nile tilapia. A total of 500 Nile tilapia fingerlings (average body weight, 10.27 ± 0.10 g) assigned into five experimental groups in 25 glass aquaria of 120 L capacity at the density 20 fish/aquaria. The experimental groups were supplemented with varying doses of liposomal curcumin-NPs, LipoCur-NPs (0, 5, 15, 25 and 35 mg/kg diet) were reared for 12 weeks and later Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) challenged model was performed. Inclusion of LipoCur-NPs (25 and 35 mg/kg diet) had the most prominent impact on Nile tilapia growth rate and feed conversion ratio. The immune boosting outcomes post supplementing 35 mg/kg diet of LipoCur-NPs were evidenced by higher myeloperoxidase, lysozyme and total immunoglobulin levels. Even after 4 weeks frozen storage, LipoCur-NPs at the dose of 35 mg/kg diet prominently increased (P < 0.05) the fillet scavenging capability for free radicals (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) with an inverse reduction in lipid peroxidation biomarker (malondialdehyde). Notably, upregulation of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD genes in fillet of 35 mg/kg LipoCur-NPs fed fish coordinated with higher T-AOC and lower oxidative markers (ROS and H2O2). Post S. agalactiae challenge, higher supplementation levels of LipoCur-NPs (35 mg/kg diet) greatly attenuated the expression of its vital virulence genes (cfb, fbsA and cpsA) with higher expression of Igm, CXC-chemokine and MHC genes. Concordantly, downregulation of inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8) and upregulation of anti-inflammatory ones (IL-10 and TGF-β) were remarkably documented. Based on these findings, the innovative curcumin loaded liposome was considered a novel multitargeting alternative not only playing an imperative role in Nile tilapia growth promotion and fillet stability upon storage, but also protecting efficiently against S. agalactiae.
... Modern fast-growing broilers are more susceptible to oxidative stress, which impairs their physiological processes and immune response (Ibrahim et al. 2021b;Ibrahim et al. 2021f) with bad consequences of inferior quality of their products together with higher incidence of bacterial diseases Ibrahim et al. 2021e;Ibrahim et al. 2022c). The threats of bacterial infection are mainly contributed to extensive usage of antimicrobial agents in animals and humans, particularly in developing countries (Ammar et al. 2021c;Abd El-Hamid et al. 2019), which seriously affects the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria (Zhu et al. 2021;Ammar et al. 2021b;Ammar et al. 2022;Awad et al. 2022;Bendary et al. 2022). Therefore, the application of novel alternative antimicrobials from herbal medicine with antimicrobial, antioxidant and growth-promoting characteristics is urgently needed to overcome the abovementioned adverse issues Ibrahim et al. 2020;Ibrahim et al. 2021c;Ammar et al. 2021a). ...
Encapsulated phytochemicals with augmented therapeutic and nutritional characteristics have become promising alternatives to antimicrobials in the poultry industry. Hence, our key target was to explore the efficacy of liposomal encapsulation, as a novel carrier, for essential oils (LEOs) on growth, digestibility, intestinal microbiota, and bacterial metabolites of broiler chickens. Moreover, the impact of encapsulated EOs on transcription mechanisms targeting the genes encoding digestive enzymes, gut barrier functions and antioxidant potential of broiler chickens was evidenced. Four equal broiler groups were fed 4 basal diets fortified with LEOs (oregano, cinnamon, and clove) at the levels of 0, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg diet. Our findings revealed significant improvement in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds fed higher levels of LEOs. These results came concurrently with increasing the activities of digestive enzymes at both serum and molecular levels and consequently nutrient digestibility (dry matter, ether extract, crude protein, and crude fiber) in these groups. Remarkably, the abundance of beneficial bacteria as well as the bacterial metabolites (valeric acid, butyric acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, and total short-chain fatty acids) was increased, while that of pathogenic ones was reduced following dietary inclusion of LEOs. Of note, the mRNA expression of genes encoding antioxidant stability [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)] as well as barrier functions [mucin-2 (MUC-2)] and tight junction proteins, TJP [junctional adhesion molecule-2 (JAM-2) and occludin] were noticeably upregulated in broilers fortified with 400 mg/kg diet of LEOs. Overall, the present work recommended dietary inclusion of LEOs as beneficial additives for attaining targeted performance, gut health and antioxidant stability in poultry farming.
... A pandrug-resistant (PDR) and multi-virulent field C. jejuni strain was used in this experimental trial. It was previously recovered from cloacal swabs of recently slaughtered broiler chickens based on a previous research by one of the co-authors [51]. The strain was inoculated into Bolton broth (Oxoid, UK) for 48 h at 42 • C in microaerophilic conditions (10% CO 2 , 85% N 2 and 5% O 2 ) using an anaerobic jar (Sigma-Aldrich) with CampyGen sachets (Oxoid). ...
Probiotics as novel antibiotics’ substitutes are verified to provide barriers for hindering the colonization of enteric bacterial pathogens with nutritional benefits. For enhancement of the probiotics’ effectiveness, their integration within nanomaterials is a paramount tool to support the progress of new compounds with functional features. Therefore, we addressed the impact of effective delivery of probiotics (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) loaded nanoparticles (BNPs) on performance and Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) shedding and colonization in poultry. Two hundred Ross broiler chickens were divided into four groups fed various BNP levels: BNPs I, BNPs II, BNPs III, and BNPs-free diets for 35 days. Nanoparticles delivery of probiotics within broiler diets improved growth performance as reflected by higher body weight gain and superior feed conversion ratio, especially in BNPs II- and BNPs III-fed groups. In parallel, the mRNA expression levels of digestive enzymes encoding genes (AMY2a, PNLIP, CELA1, and CCK) achieved their peaks in BNPs III-fed group (1.69, 1.49, 1.33, and 1.29-fold change, respectively) versus the control one. Notably, with increasing the levels of BNPs, the abundance of beneficial microbiota, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, was favored over harmful ones, including Clostridium species and Enterobacteriaceae. Birds fed higher levels of BNPs displayed significant improvement in the expression of barrier functions-linked genes including DEFB1, FABP-2, and MUC-2 alongside substantial reduction in cecal colonization and fecal shedding of C. jejuni. From the aforementioned positive effects of BNPs, we concluded their potential roles as growth promoters and effective preventive aids for C. jejuni infection in poultry.
