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In this paper the forms of the traditional Iranian masonry domes are reviewed and classified into four main categories. These categories consist of the ellipsoidal, simple pointed, multi-curved pointed and conical domes. Also, for each category of domes relevant historical buildings are presented. Furthermore, for each category a parametric formex...
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... 9 whose inner layer is ellipsoidal type 2 and the outer one is a multi-curved pointed type, see Pirnia et al , 2004 [ 3], [4]. The rise to span ratio of ellipsoidal dome type 3 is 5 / 4 , see Bozorgmehri et al, 1994 [2]. Figure 10 shows F 1 F 2 = 0.5 AB . Thus, it was convenient for an Iranian master builder to define the geometry of this ellipsoidal dome. This type of dome is rather similar to a semicircle model (ellipsoidal dome type 4). Double shelled dome of “Ja -me Mosque of Yazd” is composed of an ellipsoidal dome type 3 and a multi-curved pointed type, respectively, as inner and outer layers, Figure 11, see Shahid Beheshti University, 2004 [5]. The geometry of the outer layer of this brick dome, which covers a 14- meter span, is further discussed in Section 3-3. As explained above, the convenience in drawing the cross-sections of domes was an important factor in choosing the specific geometrical proportions of an ellipsoidal dome. However, the rise to span ratio is ...
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... Hemispherical domes are common geometric elements found in the historical developments of many civilizations, including the Persians, Greeks, Romans and Assyrians [11,33]. Figure 1a shows an artistic impression of typical hemispherical domes in urban developments pertaining to the surroundings of the central Iranian desert (Kavir) dating back to the medieval era. ...
Advancements in optical metrology has enabled documentation of dense 3D point clouds of cultural heritage sites. For large scale and continuous digital documentation, processing of dense 3D point clouds becomes computationally cumbersome, and often requires additional hardware for data management, increasing the time cost, and complexity of projects. To this end, this manuscript presents an original approach to generate fast and reliable semantic digital models of heritage hemispherical domes using only two images. New closed formulations were derived to establish the relationships between spheres and their projected ellipses onto images, which fostered the development of a new automatic framework for as-built generation of spheres. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated under both laboratory and real-world datasets. The results revealed that the proposed method achieved as-built modeling accuracy of around 6mm, while improving the computation time by a factor of 7, when compared to established point cloud processing methods.
... Rok domes are one of the conical dome types shaped by pyramid rotation in various forms ( Figure 1) and also differs widely in material and composition (Ashkan & Ahmad, 2010). This type of sloping dome is appropriate for areas with a high volume of rain and snow (Khodadadi et al., 2012). Due to the unique shape of Rok domes, taller towers could be constructedand thus made visible from far distances, which resulted to be used as a sign for directing people (Memarian, 2013). ...
This paper addresses the investigation of the elements that make a landmark long-lasting, shape the city identity and attract tourists. First, a vast literature review was carried out on monuments, their geometric structure, Islamic architecture concepts, tourists’ attraction and land policy. Therefore, Sheikh-Zahed dome, a significant landmark near Lahijan city in the north of Iran, was selected as a case study for this paper. This monument was studied using three different methods. Firstly, a traditional method, used in Islamic architecture, was chosen to analyze the geometric structure and color scheme of the dome. Then a comparative study was conducted in order to analyze the differences in geometry, form and color between Sheikh-Zahed and three other famous domes. Finally, to gather information about land value, city identity and tourists’ attraction, five real state agencies were interviewed. The results showed that the association of factors such as climate, culture, structure and hidden meanings in this monument attracts visitors. The comparison of Sheikh-Zahed with three other monuments revealed that it is a unique architectural symbol due to several aspects such as complex geometry, the dome's form, climate adaptation, its placement and being surrounded by nature. Furthermore, this landmark has an impact on land value and tourist attraction. It was concluded that the design, based on comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the user, climate, cultural and spiritual aspects, regional material and structure, has led to it being a significant urban landmark. Therefore, understanding the common factors between landmarks will give designers a clearer vision.
... The entire structure is modeled using the concepts of formex algebra via its associated software system, Formian 2.0. Further information about configuration processing of diverse spatial structures can be found in [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Application of the latest edition of the Formian software system, Formian K, could be helpful for configuration processing of the branching structures and the grid shell and visualization of the output. ...
This study addresses the relationship between the geometry and structural performance of branching columns using an example case based on a square grid shell supported by four branching columns. The branching columns are configured with three levels of members, bifurcating into four members as each member branches upwards. A range of solutions is parametrically generated using the concepts of formex algebra and its associated software system, Formian 2.0. The form exploration uses the GA-based method, ParaGen which incorporates both quantitative structural performance and qualitative architectural considerations in the exploration process. Certain design constraints, as well as multiple objectives, are established including minimizing structural weight and deflection, and increasing vibration stiffness, in addition to the designer’s satisfaction with the visual appearance of the columns. Within the iterative process of form generation, the structural performance of the branching columns under a combination of self-weight and snow load is evaluated using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software, STAAD.Pro. The branching members are sized based on the AISC LRFD steel code. ParaGen creates a database of suitable solutions, which can be explored by filtering and sorting based on a variety of performance parameters. Different techniques are demonstrated in the exploration of good solutions including scatter point graphs, Pareto front analysis, and images of the design alternatives.
Recent advancements in optical metrology have enabled continuous documentation of dense 3-dimensional (3D) point clouds of construction projects, including cultural heritage preservation projects. These point clouds must then be further processed to generate semantic digital models, which is integral to the lifecycle management of heritage sites. For large scale and continuous digital documentation, processing of dense 3D point clouds is computationally cumbersome, and consequentially requires additional hardware for data management and analysis, increasing the time, cost, and complexity of the project. Fast and reliable solutions for generating the geometric digital models is, hence, eminently desirable. This manuscript presents an original approach to generate reliable semantic digital models of heritage hemispherical domes using only two images. New closed formulations were derived to establish the relationships between a sphere and its projected ellipse onto an image. These formulations were then utilized to create new methods for: (i) selecting the best pair of images from an image network; (ii) detecting ellipses corresponding to projection of spheres in images; (iii) matching of the detected ellipses between images; and (iv) generating the sphere's geometric digital models. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated under both laboratory and real-world datasets. Laboratory experiments revealed that the proposed process using the best pair of images provided results as accurate as that achieved using eight randomly selected images, while improving computation time by a factor of 50. The results of the two real-world datasets showed that the digital model of a hemispherical dome was generated with 6.2mm accuracy, while improving the total computation time of current best practice by a factor of 7. Real-world experimentation also showed that the proposed method can provide metric scale definition for photogrammetric point clouds with 3mm accuracy using spherical targets. The results suggest that the proposed method was successful in automatically generating fast, and accurate geometric digital models of hemispherical domes.
This textbook is prepared explicitly for students seeking a degree in an Architecture program and taking an introductory course in structural engineering. It is assumed that students referring to this textbook have a minimum background in math and physics. Therefore, principal concepts are explained using visual demonstrations, videos, graphics, and jargon-free descriptions. Wherever a minimum knowledge of trigonometry and math is required, additional materials are introduced for review. Unlike a standard textbook, this textbook aims to support student’s self-exploration of foundational topics on structural design rather than providing them with a script to assimilate and repeat. Therefore, it contains a collection of visual materials and interactive resources readily available online resources developed by research groups and public agencies. In addition, sufficient examples are included to clearly explain the theories and math problems. Within this book, students learn about different types of loads, forces and vector addition, the concept of equilibrium, internal forces, geometrical and material properties of structural elements, and rules of thumb for estimating the proportion of some structural systems such as catenary cables and arches, trusses, and frame structures.
I hope this textbook is an accessible and enjoyable resource to support your learning about fundamental concepts of structural design. I acknowledge that this textbook will never really be finished. It can always be better. The readers’ perspectives on both content and style are valued as I revise and improve this book. Please do not hesitate to contact me with your critics via email akhodada@buffalo.edu. The textbook is accessible via https://structuraldesign.pressbooks.sunycreate.cloud as well.
Gonbad-e Qabus, with a height of 52.8 m that makes it the tallest pure-brick tower in the world, located in the northern part of Iran, represents one of the most magnificent structures of the early Islamic centuries. This structure is still standing among the chaos of urban life and construction, catching the eyes of beholders even from far distances. This paper summarizes the historical and architectural background of this monumental structure and the important restorations carried out mainly in the past century. Various types of existing and potential structural and architectural damages are classified and elaborated in detail, and for each problem, a series of proposed solutions are presented. Utilizing the nonlinear finite-element simulations and equivalent lateral static force method, it is concluded that Gonbad-e Qabus is vulnerable to seismic demands with a return period of 475 years; therefore, retrofit strategies should be considered to improve its seismic performance.
