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Interfacial polymerization reaction mechanism to form polyamide (PA) separation layer (Li and Wang 2010)
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The pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process requires high performance, high flux, high rejection, and resistant membranes under harsh conditions. Since conventional phase-inversion membranes are insufficient to permit the required water flux, alternative membrane fabrication methods need to be developed. Many studies have recently been carried out...
Citations
... An increase in 2.10 gMH salt flux was also found which was higher than previous studies. Moreover, the combination of CNC in polymeric membrane made of PAN increased the mechanical strength of the membrane which is a vital phenomenon in PRO applications [83]. [75], and a P84 co-polyimide hollow fiber substrate (d-f) [237]. ...
... The hypothesis of this experiment was to check if the addition of CNC with PAN boosted the mechanical strength in the PAN membranes used in PRO applications. The results showed that a greater water flux of 405.38 LMH was obtained when 1 M NaCl was used as draw solution and DI water as feed solution [83]. The membrane orientation of this experiment was made in a way that the draw solution is set against the active layer and the feed solution is located against the support layer. ...
... It was noted that for 60 min of this experiment, the original flux value was maintained by most of the fabricated membranes. Thus, it was concluded that although the addition of CNT in PAN membrane is ideal for the development of PRO membranes, it is important to maintain optimal ratio where higher water flux will be achieved with lowest reverse salt flux [83]. In this research, it can be easily that 1 % CNC added PAN nanocomposite nanofiber TFC membranes provide the best results. ...
Composite electrospun membranes of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with contents of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) of 5–20 wt% were prepared. The increase in cellulose content improved the mechanical properties of the materials up to approximately 2-fold in the tensile strength and 6-fold in elastic modulus compared to the PAN membrane. Filtration performance of the composite membranes against aerosolized salt nanoparticles was evaluated under conditions relevant to their use as active layers in Filtering Facepiece Respirators (FFR), such as N95s. In general, all composite membranes presented values of filtration efficiency (FE) superior to 90%. Pressure drop (Δp) values of the materials, in general, decreased with increasing content of CNCs. In general, an increase of the quality factor (QF) was observed with increasing content of CNCs in the membrane compositions, possibly due to a trend for the porosity of the composite materials to increase. The membrane containing 20 wt% of CNCs presented the highest QF (0.034 ± 0.002 Pa⁻¹), one of the highest FE of 95.97 ± 0.62%, particle penetration (P) of 4.03 ± 0.62%, and the lowest Δp of 9.60 ± 1.04 mmH2O. Thus, it is possible to prepare composite membranes of PAN reinforced with high content of natural, biodegradable, and abundant CNCs, and to evaluate comprehensively their potential to be used in air filtration applications such as respirators and cleanroom filters.
