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Codling moth (Cydia pomonella Linn.) is a serious pest of apple and other stone fruits and causes serious economic damage. Present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides against C. pomonella infestation in Gilgit-Baltistan. In case of cypermethrin, maximum infestation (7.3, 6.3 and 6) was recorded after ten days of f...
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... delicious variety of local apple was selected for this study because it is the most common growing variety of this area. In the present study, four different commercially available insecticides Cypermethrin, Lambda Cyhalothrin and Neem seed oil were selected (Table 1). Knapsack spryer was used for insecticides spray in apple fields. ...Citations
... However, very few reports have been published about preventing fruit infestation by codling moth neonates in the field with plant extracts, essential oils, or plant secondary metabolites. The following botanicals were tested: homemade aqueous thyme extract [35]; and commercially available products: microencapsulated cardamon essential oil (Synthite Chemicals, Kerala, India) and 1,8-cineole (Graphic Scents Direct, CoverScent, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) [17], neem seed oil (unspecified Pakistani vendor) [36], garlic extract (Bioczos, Himal, Aleksandrow Lodzki, Poland) [37], and azadirachtin (NeemAzal-T/S, Biocont, Krakow, Poland) [38]. In comparison to a control, the fruit damage reduction factor reported for those field studies ranged from a value of 2.3 for thyme extract [35] to 18.9 for cardamom oil [17]. ...
... This limits the possibility of obtaining enough botanicals to conduct large-scale field trials. On the one hand, the scarce reports of field applications of plant extracts or essential oils indicate that high concentrations of botanicals must be used to effectively prevent fruit damage by codling moths [17,[35][36][37][38]. It is noteworthy that artemisinin, which prevents apple infestation by codling moth neonates (Table 5), can be produced naturally in large quantities due to genetic modifications of Artemisia annua and even other plants [41]. ...
... For instance, more codling moth feeding deterrent or repellent constituents of botanicals should be identified. In 2016, nine commercial botanicals were used in California (neem oil, chenopidium, pyrethrins, azadirachtin, garlic, orange oil, geraniol, sabadilla, and capsicum) [14] but only three (neem, azadirachtin, and garlic) have been tested for the prevention of fruit infestation or inhibition of feeding by codling moths [36][37][38][39]. ...
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Tortricidae), is a major pest of apples, potentially causing annual losses exceeding USD62 billion globally. Growers have limited options for combatting the codling moth. Sprays with azinphos-methyl have been banned in the European Union, Turkey, and the USA. To be effective, Bacillus thuringiensis or Carpocapsa pomonella must be ingested in large quantities, and the fruit is damaged before the larvae die. Mating disruption or an attract-and-kill strategy does not resolve problems caused by the migration of moths from adjacent areas or insecticide resistance. Discouraging neonates from burrowing into the fruit with feeding deterrents or repellents of plant origin may become a new strategy. This paper presents a list of twenty-three plants and six secondary metabolites preventing apple infestation by codling moth neonates. Some of these plant extracts or oils (Alium sativum, Tanacetum vulgare, Atremisia arborescens, Ginkgo biloba) showed deterrence exceeding 95% in comparison to controls. The prospects of codling moth control with botanicals are discussed, and further studies on these substances are suggested. In conclusion, the author states that twenty-nine plant-originated materials have great potential in organic apple protection. Future studies should concentrate on formulating these botanicals and identifying their molecular targets.
