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Insect pests of Pigeon pea: A. Aphis craccivora, B. Apion clavipes, C. Artaxa guttata, D. Calliteara strigata, E. Chrysodeixis eriosoma, F. Coptosoma cribreria, G. Dasychira mendosa, H. Melanagromyza obtusa, I. Hyposidra sp., J. Lawana conspersa, K. Maruca vitrata, L. Megalurothrips sp., M. Melanagromyza obtusa, N. Neostauropus alternus, O. Orgyia postica, P. Pingasa sp., Q. Poppiocapsidea biseratense, R. Ricania speculum, S. Riptrotus linearis, T. Riptrotus pedestris, U. Somena scintillans, V. Nanaguna breviuscula, W. Helicoverpa armigera, X. Omiodes indicata.
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The pest complex associated with Pigeon pea crop grown in Tripura, a North Eastern state of India has been recorded for the first time during 2015-16 and 2016-17. A total of 64 insect pests belonging to 7 orders and 32 families were recorded. Among these, 9 species were recorded as major, 30 were recorded as minor and remaining 25 were recorded as...
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Salinity of cultivable land is a growing global concern that has been affecting the yields of major crops worldwide such as pigeon pea. In the current study, transgenic pigeon pea plants were developed using an in-planta Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method wherein OsRuvB, a rice DNA helicase gene, was incorporated to induce salt to...
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... For diversity and population dynamics study, observation of insect pests was taken at weekly time intervals from randomly selected and tagged 5 plants/plot starting from seedling to crop maturity stage. All the recorded insect pests were classified as major (causes economic damage), minor (frequently noticed but fewer damage) and negligible (less frequently noticed and no economic loss) based on abundance, level of damage and frequency of occurrence (Nair et al. 2017). ...
Field and laboratory experiments were conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV) to assess the diversity, bio-ecology and impact of weather variables on population dynamics of insect pests in pigeon pea during kharif season of 2016-2018. The results revealed that a total of 65 insect pest species were recorded in pigeon pea in the eastern India. Among them, 8, 30 and 27 numbers of species were classified as major, minor and negligible pests. Diversity study showed minimum variability between the two years. The average duration of life cycle of Helicoverpa armigera, Melanagromyza obtusa, Exelastis atomosa and Maruca vitrata were recorded at 43.16±0.74, 26.25±0.58, 36.5 ± 1.25 and 28.0 ± 1.50 days under relative humidity and temperature regime of 75 ± 2% and 28 ± 2°C, respectively. The population dynamics showed that H. armigera, M. vitrata, M. obtusa, E. atomosa and A. clavipes reached their peak during 8th standard meteorological week (SMW), 52nd SMW, 8th SMW, 7th SMW and 4th SMW with 1.40-1.66 larvae/plants, 14.73-15.60 larvae/plant, 208.33-212.33 maggot and pupae/plant, 9.73-10.53 larvae/plant and 43.00-47.0 grubs/plant during 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The correlation analysis revealed that temperature (maximum and minimum) showed positive influence on larval population of H. armigera, M. obtusa, E. atomosa and A. clavipes whereas, maximum and minimum relative humidity and rainfall impacted negatively during both the years. In case of M. vitrata, maximum and minimum temperature demonstrated significant negative correlation, whereas maximum and minimum relative humidity showed positive and significant correlation during both the years. Whereas, rainfall showed non-significant negative correlation on pest population of all the pod borers of pigeon pea.
... It also had four white tussocks on the dorsal side of the first four abdominal segments and a black hair pencil on the tail (Fig. 1b). Attacked plants included citrus (Nagalingam and Savithri, 1980), Cedrus deodara (Kalia et al., 2002), cinnamon (Rajapakse and Wasantha Kumara, 2007), cauliflower, potato (Chandel et al., 2011), et al., 2014), pigeon pea (Nair et al., 2017) and many other plant species apart from curry leaves. Caterpillars were severe defoliators and actively fed on the leaves of the curry plant resulting in characteristic geometric cuts on the leaves. ...
Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.) is a member of the Rutaceae family, which includes other plants such as citrus and bael. Curry leaf plants are fast-growing shrubs, and due to the classic fragrance of the leaves, they are an ineluctable crop in almost every South Indian homestead. However, the record of pests, which are the major constraint in the successful production of curry leaves, is lacking in Kerala, and there are only a few studies about the same in India as well. Therefore, a documentation study was undertaken from December 2021–November 2022 in Kerala which revealed new pests attacking curry leaves. This article discusses the description of the pests and their nature of damage and symptoms in curry leaves.
... More than 250 insect pests attack pigeonpea during different stages of crop growth (Nath et al. 2007;Sharma et al. 2008) and among them, the spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a serious threat to grain legumes in the tropics and subtropics owing to its destructiveness and wide host range (Mahalakshmi et al. 2016;Nair et al. 2017). Being polyphagous in nature, M. vitrata has been reported feeding on 39 host plants, wherein the larva feeds on the tender leaf axils, flower buds, developing flowers and pods (Ganapathy 2010;Taggar 2014). ...
Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (F.), is one of the severe threats to grain legumes in the tropics and subtropics owing to its destructiveness and broad host range. It is imperative to look for safer alternatives for its management, such as the utilization of host plant resistance which can be induced upon the exogenous application of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). We studied the changes induced in the digestive and detoxifying enzymes of M. vitrata upon its feeding on JA and SA-treated pigeonpea plants in comparison with the untreated plants. Both JA and SA induced a defense response in pigeonpea plants against M. vitrata, which in turn affected the pest’s development and physiology. The effect on the digestive enzymes (amylase, total proteases, elastase, lactate dehydrogenase) and developmental parameters (larval duration, larval weight, pupal weight, pupal percent, adult emergence and adult longevity) of M. vitrata was more pronounced and significant in the plants pre-treated with JA and then infested with M. vitrata after 12 h of JA application, compared to other treatments and untreated plants. The resistant genotype, AL 1747 responded better to the exogenous application of elicitors and M. vitrata infestation than the susceptible genotype MN 1. As a counter-response to induced plant defenses, an increase in the activity of glutathione-S-transferases (GST) and glucose oxidase (GOX) enzymes was observed in M. vitrata. Despite elevating its GOX activity upon elicitor application, the pod borer was unable to overcome the induced pigeonpea defences consequent of elicitor application as was indicated by its reduced larval weight and other biological parameters. SA also altered the activities of digestive and defense-related enzymes in M. vitrata; however, the effect was not as pronounced as JA. Both JA and SA seem to be involved in triggering the pigeonpea defenses and their exogenous application can be utilized to develop sustainable pest management strategies against M. vitrata.
... Coleoptera comprised of seven families, Hemiptera with 8, Lepidoptera with 6, Hymenoptera with 3, Mantodea and Araneae (spider) with one each. Talekar (1990) observed 200 insect species under 48 families in greengram and blackgram in southern Rajasthan; while in pigeonpea in Tripura 64 insect pests belonging to 7 orders and 32 families were observed, of which maximum were Hemiptera (Nair et al., 2017). Pigeonpea is infested by insect pests belonging to 6 orders, of which Lepidoptera cause maximum damage (Laxmi and Paul, 2010). ...
Surveys were conducted during 2018-19 and 2019-20 for evaluating the abundance and diversity of insect pests and foragers in Namsai District of Arunachal Pradesh from pulse crops (black gram, green gram and pigeonpea). The data on species richness, dominance and distribution of insects revealed a total of 38 insect pests belonging to 6 orders, 26 families and 38 species. Of these 12 species were observed as foragers. Coleoptera was the most dominant group followed by Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Mantodea and Araneae (Arachnida). Among the observed foragers Polistes sp. was found to be dominant followed by Apis dorsata (F).
... Coleoptera comprised of seven families, Hemiptera with 8, Lepidoptera with 6, Hymenoptera with 3, Mantodea and Araneae (spider) with one each. Talekar (1990) observed 200 insect species under 48 families in greengram and blackgram in southern Rajasthan; while in pigeonpea in Tripura 64 insect pests belonging to 7 orders and 32 families were observed, of which maximum were Hemiptera (Nair et al., 2017). Pigeonpea is infested by insect pests belonging to 6 orders, of which Lepidoptera cause maximum damage (Laxmi and Paul, 2010). ...
Surveys were conducted during 2018-19 and 2019-20 for evaluating the abundance and diversity of insect
pests and foragers in Namsai District of Arunachal Pradesh from pulse crops (black gram, green gram
and pigeonpea). The data on species richness, dominance and distribution of insects revealed a total of
38 insect pests belonging to 6 orders, 26 families and 38 species. Of these 12 species were observed as
foragers. Coleoptera was the most dominant group followed by Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera,
Mantodea and Araneae (Arachnida). Among the observed foragers Polistes sp. was found to be dominant
followed by Apis dorsata (F).
... Being located in humid to sub-humid climatic conditions, South Gujarat locations offer a favourable condition for infestation of several insect pests. Among the various pod borer complex, gram pod borer, blue butterfly, tur plume moth and tur pod fly cause heavy damage to pods resulting in an extensive loss in the pod yield (Sharma et al., 2010;Patra et al., 2016;Nair et al., 2017;Kerketta et al., 2018). Hence, it has become essential for farmers to apply insecticides to pigeonpea to impede losses. ...
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) is an annually cultivated food and forage crop, attacked by a large number of pests mainly pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera). For the control of this insect pest, a combination of broad-spectrum insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole and λ-cyhalothrin have been in use to reduce the pod damage and increase crop production worldwide. Therefore, a field trial was conducted to study dissipation and persistence behavior of insecticides combination (Chlorantraniliprole 9.26 % + λ-cyhalothrin 4.63 % ZC) in/on pigeonpea at the recommended dose (RD) 30 g a.i./ha and double recommended dose 60 g a.i./ha (2RD). The quantitative analysis was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for chlorantraniliprole and Gas chromatography with electron captured detector (GC-ECD) for λ-cyhalothrin. The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method was validated for its accuracy, precision and sensitivity. The chlorantraniliprole persisted upto 30 days and λ-cyhalothrin persisted upto 10 days at RD and 20 days at 2RD. The half-lives (DT50) of chlorantraniliprole and λ-cyhalothrin were from 4.95 to 5.78 days and 2.48–4.33 days at recommended and double recommended dose in pigeonpea, respectively. However, residues of both insecticides measured from soil at 30th day and harvest time were below the limit of quantification (LOQ). The waiting period deciphered for chlorantraniliprole and λ-cyhalothrin applied as combi-product was 9 days at recommended dose. Dietary risk assessment (Risk quotient<1) was performed on the basis of field trial suggested the application of chlorantraniliprole and λ-cyhalothrin as combi-product at recommended dose is safe for the consumers.
... Previous studies reported that C. biseratense caused a lot of damage to cotton crop in some parts of India and assumed the status of major pest whereas E. bellevoyei caused notable damage to sorghum [19,23] . Nair et al. [13] studied the insect pest complex on pigeonpea (variety: UPAS 120) and recorded a total of 64 insect pests belonging to 7 orders and 32 families on pigeonpea in Tripura and also found that maximum number of species were belongs to Order Hemiptera (13 families with 29 species) followed by Lepidoptera (10 families with 25 species) and Coleoptera (5 families with 6 species). Lingaraju & Biradar [11] surveyed various pigeonpea growing areas in Karnataka, India for understanding the abundance of sucking pests and found that leaf hopper and pod bugs were abundant in the visited areas. ...
The study on the hemipteran insect fauna associated with pigeonpea and their relative abundance was carried out at Chiplima, Odisha, India during 2019-20. A total of 18 hemipteran insect taxa belonging to 11 insect families were documented from the pigeonpea ecosystem during the study. Among them, nine taxa viz., Megacopta cribraria Fabricius, Otinotus oneratus (Walker), Clavigralla gibbosa (Spinola), Clavigralla scutellaris (Westwood), Aphis craccivora Koch, Piezodorus hybneri (Gmelin), Nezara viridula (Lin.), Empoasca kerri Pruthi, Riptortus linearis (Fab.) were most abundant in pigeonpea ecosystem. They were observed in vegetative to reproductive stages of the crop and mostly abundant in November and December. Among miridae family, two insects namely Poppiocapsidea (=Creontiades) biseratense (Distant) and Eurystylus bellevoyei (Reuter) were first time observed in pigeonpea in Odisha and under lygaeidae family, Graptostethus servus (Fabricius) was first time appeared as pest of pigeonpea. All the hemipteran insects' incidence was negatively correlated with temperature and rainfall whereas positively correlated with morning relative humidity. Regression analysis showed that minimum temperature significantly contributed more than 40% variation to the high population built up of the insects belonging to plataspidae, coreidae, membracidae, cicadellidae and pentatomidae families.
... The pest species was recorded first time from a pea plant in Delhi by Prasad et al., 1983. Further, in India, Pea, Soybean, Cabbage, Potato, Berseem, Cauliflower, Chickpea, Sunflower and Lentils are known to be most preferred hosts of C. eriosoma (Prasad et al.,1983;Saha & Saharia, 1983;Butani & Jotwani, 1984;Tripathi & Akhtar, 1986;Tripathi & Akhtar, 1988;Men et al., 1995;Sharma et al., 2008;Nair et al., 2017). Fecundity table and intrinsic rate of natural increase in C. eriosoma (Doubleday) was studied by Tripathi & Shari 1992. ...
Green garden looper, Chrysodeixis eriosoma, has emerged as one of the major insect pests of agronomic and vegetable crops causing considerable crop losses. In the present study, samples from eleven different localities of India were used for the investigation of genetic diversity of C. eriosoma by employing a fragment in the mtDNA gene-encoding cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Based on the partial COI gene, less nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00314) among Indian and global C. eriosoma populations were observed, whereas nucleotide diversity within Indian populations is nonsignificant (π = 0.00079). Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of COI sequences grouped all the Indian and global populations into one cluster. This is the first attempt for diversity assessment of C. eriosoma populations from India.
The list below reports all scale species documented as pests, numbering 642 species in 28 families. Information was gathered mainly from the scale insect database, ScaleNet, and Google Scholar. These pest species constitute 7.6% of the 8,373 extant species. They are listed in alphabetical order by family and species. Many scale insect species are considered as potential quarantine pests, however, only those that have been reported to cause damage or for which there are studies on their control are included in the list. Each pest species is listed with at least one published validation source.
Termites are eusocial insects belonging to the insect infraorder Isoptera and are characterized by their colonial behavior. The word Isoptera originated from the Greek words isos which means equal and pteron which means wing and refers to the two pairs of identical wings in the adult. Termites are polymorphic insects, living in large communities of several hundred to several million individuals, composed of alate or apterous reproductive forms together with numerous apterous sterile soldiers and workers. Their numerous colonies have great influence in many ecosystems. There are 12 families of which the family Termitidae is the largest accounting about 75 percent of all termites. With the peculiar digestive system and the ability to digest lignocelluloses, the most abundant resource on the planet, termites became the most successful insects. Termites built huge and most complex nesting systems ever known by an insect. They change the ecosystems by their activities, and at the same time, they are dreaded pests on agriculture and man-made wooden structures. Due to their cryptic life, it is very difficult to manage them. Though chemical insecticides are very effective on termites, their method of application is challenging. Killing few thousand termite workers does not mean killing the colony; as long as the primary and secondary reproductives are alive and active deep inside the termite mounds, the termite problem exists, perennially.
