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Injury history (PCL= posterior cruciate ligament, MCL= medial collateral ligament, and other= nonligamentous joint injury).
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A history of lower limb ligament injury is a commonly-cited risk factor for another similar injury. During the acute phase of injury, there is a balancing skill deficit in the injured limb. It has been unclear as to whether this deficit persists in the medium-to-long term for previously injured Australian footballers, contributing to the risk of re...
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Lower limb injuries are a continual and serious issue for military personnel. Such injuries have been associated with the requirement to train in military boots (MBs) and might be offset with commercial insoles. In this study, ground reaction forces were measured in seven male participants wearing running shoes (RS), MBs commonly used by Cypriot an...
Citations
... Injury risk is of particular concern during the developmental stages of an athlete's playing career due to under developed musculoskeletal physiology (bone, connective tissue), and the repeated injury risk following an initial occurrence of many common injuries sustained in contact sports. 11 Recent studies have suggested relationships between relative age, maturation and physiological characteristics. 12 During these developmental years, players' also commonly begin to enter structured training programs according to chronological age-related playing groups and more frequent competitive schedules at representative playing levels involving higher physical playing intensities. ...
... 12 During these developmental years, players' also commonly begin to enter structured training programs according to chronological age-related playing groups and more frequent competitive schedules at representative playing levels involving higher physical playing intensities. Further, as prior injury is one of the greatest predictors of subsequent injury, 11 it can be hypothesised that developing athletes may benefit from structured progressive training experience which potentially reduces the likelihood of injury. However, very little research has examined such possible relationships between prior training history and injury risk. ...
Our aim was to determine the relationships between three different training ages – TA domains (Rugby League specific – RLTA; Resistance training – RTA; Cardiovascular training – CVTA) on injury risk in junior elite rugby league players. Participants were 147 developmental rugby league players (mean age = 15.8 ± 1.1 years) playing for one rugby league club. Logistic regression with RLTA, CVTA and RTA as independent predictors was modelled on injured/uninjured outcomes. Relationships between TA and injury characteristics were examined using linear regression. CVTA was positively associated with absolute injury risk (odds ratio – OR 1.65, p = 0.02) and injury characteristics (muscle strain OR 1.12, p = 0.05) and ankle injuries (OR 1.24, p = 0.05). A positive association was demonstrated between RTA and high-intensity running injuries (OR 1.31, p = 0.01), and hamstring injuries (OR 1.66, p = 0.01). Our results suggest that a higher pre-study CVTA and RTA was associated with increased injury risk in an elite development rugby league team.
... This finding was consistent with other studies in the literature which indicated that soccer players (Hrysomallis, McLaughlin, & Goodman, 2005) and college athletes (Evans, Hertel, & Sebastianelli, 2004;Powers, Buckley, Kaminski, Hubbard, & Ortiz, 2004) with a history of ankle joint injury did not display increased postural sway. Therefore, whether balance ability was reduced by a prior ligament injury might be dependent on the severity, time elapsed since the injury, and adherence and effectiveness of the rehabilitation program. ...
Creativity and the Information and Communication Technologies are considered as key factors for social and personal development. New technologies are valuable tools on learner's creativity cultivation. When the children act as movers they modify, adapt and combine fundamental movements. When creativity is expressed with a movement, is defined as a creative movement and its outcome as a creative product. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the proposed educational technique has been effective and furthermore to investigate the effects of a Digital Learning Environment (DLE) focused on basketball elements on the motor creativity of elementary school students. 86 students divided in 2 groups participated in the study. According the results, the DLE and its content effect with no significant difference among the three subgroups of the experimental group and help the students to express themselves, to improve their previous divergent movement ability.
... The sports injury of the ankle is known to have the closest relation with the weakening of the peripheral muscle group and it is reported that the injury mostly occurs during running for athletes who experienced functional degradation on the peripheral muscle groups of the ankle before the injury (Borland and Rogers, 1997;Hufner et al., 2006). Along with this, for the cause of sports injury of the ankle, anatomical alignment of the bone, weight, degradation of parallel ability, inadequacies of the agonist, and the antagonist rate are being reported (Halasi et al., 2005;Hrysomallis et al., 2005;Hubbard et al., 2006;Kaminski et al., 2003;Tyler et al., 2006;). ...
This study was conducted to verify the effect of the ankle injury of athletes who attended the modern pentathlon for a long-term basis on ankle muscle's strength and proprioceptive sensory function. For this, 10 athletes of the modern pentathlon, with experience of having damaged one side of their ankles within 6 months, and 10 healthy male college students, who have similar personal characteristics, such as height, age, and weight and have no experience of participating in regular sports for 3 or more times a week. The experimental subject was divided into 3 groups in all. After the flexor power of the plantar and dorsal side and the muscle strength of the varus and valgus for an ankle were measured by the Biodex System III at an angular velocity of 60°/sec and 120°/sec, it was documented as the maximum couple of force per body weight. Also, specified receptive senses were measured by the Biodex System III using the stop button to find the position (angle) of the joint. As a result of the conclusive research, participation in modern pentathlons for a long-term basis has caused an increase in valgus muscle strength and flexor power of the plantar side of the ankle when compared to general college students. Sports-related injury of the ankle was also found to result into the weakening of the flexor power on the plantar side and valgus muscle strength and a decrease of the proprioceptive sensory function.
... This finding was consistent with other studies in the literature which indicated that soccer players (Hrysomallis, McLaughlin, & Goodman, 2005) and college athletes (Evans, Hertel, & Sebastianelli, 2004;Powers, Buckley, Kaminski, Hubbard, & Ortiz, 2004) with a history of ankle joint injury did not display increased postural sway. Therefore, whether balance ability was reduced by a prior ligament injury might be dependent on the severity, time elapsed since the injury, and adherence and effectiveness of the rehabilitation program. ...
To explore the outcomes of an Xbox Kinect intervention on balance ability, enjoyment and compliance for previously injured young competitive male athletes.
Experimental pre-/post-test design with random assignment.
Sixty-three previously injured young competitive male athletes, aged 16 ± 1 years.
Participants were divided into three groups: one group received Xbox Kinect (XbK) training, one group received Traditional physiotherapy (TP) training, and one group did not receive any balance training (Control). Intervention involved a 24 min session, twice weekly for 10 weeks.
Overall stability index (OSI) and limits of stability (LOS) scores using the Biodex Stability System. Enjoyment using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. Self-reported compliance.
Both experimental groups demonstrated an improvement in OSI and LOS mean scores for the right and the left limb after the intervention. In addition, the results revealed important differences between the experimental groups and the control group on balance test indices. Group enjoyment rating was greater for XbK compared with TP, while the compliance rating was not.
These findings suggest that the use of XbK intervention is a valuable, feasible and pleasant approach in order to improve balance ability of previously injured young competitive male athletes.
... This may result from the fact that the studies by O'Connell et al. involved simple tools, which are not so sensitive as Riva tests or other dynamic tests [23]. Our study confirmed the hypotheses by Hrysomallis et al. and O'Connell et al. on higher usability of dynamic tests on an unstable platform in detection of dysfunction in body balance control resulting from ACL injury[13,23].Due to such a strong and still unclear mechanism of the visual compensation of deficits in the archeoproprioceptive system in the control of body balance resulting from injury, e.g. to the ligaments or muscles, even very good results of the visual postural control tests should be interpreted cautiously.Tests performed in this study in the control group of healthy subjects showed statistically significant differences in SRT with closed eyes between the dominant and non-dominant limb. Better results were obtained for the dominant limb. ...
Objective: Knee joint dysfunction resulting from injury to the anterior crucial ligament (ACL) is associated not only with mechanical joint instability but also with damage of ligamentous receptors responsible for the joint proprioception. It was found that disturbances of signals from the damaged joint produce disorders in movement perception and position of the analogous joint in the normal limb. This study is aimed at evaluating the control strategy in patients with an injury to the anterior crucial ligament.Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Subjects/Patients- 84 men, aged 15 to 55 years (mean age 27 years) were included in this study. Methods- Patients were divided into two groups: those with unilateral injury to the ACL (33 patients) and a control group of healthy volunteers (soccer players; 51 men). Anterior crucial ligament damage was confirmed with arthroscopic knee joint examination in every patient. The way of visual proprioceptive control was assessed with both dynamic (DRT) and static (SRT) Riva tests standing on one leg. Tests were performed with the Delos Postural Proprioceptive System (Delos s.r.l., Corso Lecce, Torino, Italy) in the biomechanical evaluation laboratory at Rehasport Clinic in Poznań. Results: A statistically significant difference for deviations from the averaged axis in SRT (static Riva test) with closed eyes was found between the limb with a damaged ACL and the normal limb in the group of patients with injury to the ACL (p=0.006) and between the limb with a damaged ACL and normal limbs in healthy volunteers (p=0.022). A statistically significant difference for deviations from the averaged axis in SRT with closed eyes was also found between the dominant and non-dominant limb in healthy volunteers (p=0.013). No significant differences in the results of tests with open eyes were noted. Conclusions: The results of systems and their contribution to the visual proprioceptive control suggest an important role of the visual system in compensation of archeproprioceptive system disorders resulting from injury to the ACL. Clinical Relevance: Neurological deficits of proprioceptive perception, associated with injury to the ACL and affecting the balance, may be noted only in the results of tests performed with closed eyes.
... For this, the test distribution was better (34.6%, 34.5% and 25.8% in categories 2, 3 and 4, respectively), and the main problem may be that the balance mat test is inconsistent , as indicated by the low k value. Also, data from Australian football suggest that balance deficits do not necessarily persist among previously injured athletes (Hrysomallis et al., 2005 ). To identify athletes at risk based on tests measuring balance and ankle control, we clearly need to develop a new methodology with better test properties and reliability . ...
This prospective cohort study was conducted to identify risk factors for acute ankle injuries among male soccer players. A total of 508 players representing 31 amateur teams were tested during the 2004 pre-season through a questionnaire on previous injury and function score (foot and ankle outcome score; FAOS), functional tests (balance tests on the floor and a balance mat) and a clinical examination of the ankle. Generalized estimating equations were used in univariate analyses to identify candidate risk factors, and factors with a P-value <0.10 were then examined in a multivariate model. During the season, 56 acute ankle injuries, affecting 46 legs (43 players), were registered. Univariate analyses identified a history of previous acute ankle injuries [odds ratio (OR) per previous injury: 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.43] and the FAOS sub-score "Pain" (OR for a 10-point difference in score: 0.81, 95% CI 0.62-1.04) as candidate risk factors. In a multivariate analysis, only the number of previous acute ankle injuries proved to be a significant (adjusted OR per previous injury: 1.23; 95% CI 1.06-1.41, P=0.005) predictor of new injuries. Function scores, functional tests and clinical examination could not independently identify players at an increased risk in this study.
... In addition, studies have shown not only strength imbalance, but also balance deficits, may result in increased injury rates for athletes. [7][8][9] Studies have also reported that an important relationship exists between functional ankle stability and balance control ability; moreover, poor balance control is more likely to result in subsequent ankle sprains. 6,10,11 Balance, or postural control, is defined as the ability to return the body close to the equilibrium point when exposed to a perturbation. ...
... 1 In addition, a recent study compared football players with and without previous lower limb ligamentous injuries and also found no persistent deficits in balance. 9 It is thus suggested that low balance ability is a risk factor for injuries and pre-season balance ability may be a risk factor for new ligamentous injuries during the playing season. 9,30,31 Therefore, the subjects in this study were screened for several criteria within a certain period of the injury history that could minimize the potential impact on the interpretation of the results of this study. ...
The purpose of this study was to: (1) compare unilateral ankle eversion to inversion strength ratio (E/I R) and static balance control in the dominant and non-dominant limbs and (2) determine the relationship between ankle E/I R and static balance control in the dominant and non-dominant limbs. Twenty-eight young, healthy adults without any physical training experience participated in this study. Ankle E/I R was measured by an isokinetic dynamometer at speeds of 30 degrees s(-1) and 120 degrees s(-1). Static balance control was determined by the center of pressure excursion parameters on a force platform during the single-leg upright standing balance test. No significant differences in ankle E/I R and static balance control existed between the dominant and non-dominant limbs. Ankle E/I R was greater at a speed of 30 degrees s(-1) than that at a speed of 120 degrees s(-1) in the dominant and non-dominant limbs. In addition, no significant correlation was identified between the unilateral ankle E/I R and static balance control. The data indicated that both unilateral ankle E/I R and static balance control in the dominant and non-dominant limbs were symmetric in young, healthy adults. In addition, the absence of a correlation between ankle E/I R and static balance control is consistent with the independence of these parameters under the testing conditions used herein. It is suggested that any asymmetry in ankle E/I R at these angular velocities and single-leg standing balance in young, healthy adults is due to factors other than limb dominance.
... There was no significant difference in the balance scores of the previously injured limb versus the uninjured limb. In fact, their balance scores did not significantly differ from another group of players with no prior knee or ankle ligament injuries [4]. Balance ability was not a significant independent predictor of knee ligament injuries. ...
This project measured pre-season balance ability and determined its relationship to knee and ankle ligament injuries during the season for professional Australian footballers. The balance test involved the players stepping onto a foam balance mat on top of a force plate and maintaining single limb balance. Throughout the playing season, injuries were monitored. The results from two hundred and ten players participating in this project were analysed. During the 2003 season, 8 % (17 out of 210) sustained a knee ligament injury and 10 % (21 out of 210) sustained an ankle ligament injury. Multivariate analysis revealed that pre-season balance ability was a significant independent predictor of ankle ligament injury. Players with low balance ability had at least twice as many ankle ligaments injuries as those with average or good balance ability. Balance ability was not a significant predictor of knee ligament injuries. The height of the players was the only significant independent predictor of knee ligament injuries. Low pre-season balance ability was associated with an increased risk of ankle ligament injury. A modifiable injury risk factor has been identified. Research is now required to determine the optimal training regime to enhance balance ability and whether this translates to a reduction in the incidence of ankle injuries.
To maintain postural balance, the proprioceptive, vestibular, and visual systems continuously provide body position and movement data to the central nervous system. In this study, our main aim was to examine, for the first time, the influence of anaerobically or aerobically induced fatigue on these separate functions in persons with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). We obtained assessments pre- and post-fatigue protocols from 60 physical education students (Mage = 24.3, SD = 3.4) Twenty-seven students had CAI, and 33 students did not have CAI). To measure proprioception, we used the AMEDA device; for vision, we used near point of convergence (NPC); and, for vestibular function, we used subjective visual vertical (SVV). We found a pre-post proprioception (AMEDA) effect in the aerobic group (p < .001), and a visual (NPC) effect in both anaerobic and aerobic participant groups (both p < .001). There were no visual system (NPC) fatigue effect differences among aerobic or anerobic participants who had or did not have CAI (p = .047); there was a significant aerobic fatigue effect on proprioception (AMEDA) (p = .010) that favored participants without CAI. There was a significant interaction effect between time of testing and CAI for visual (NPC) (p = .003) in the aerobic group only. In both the anaerobic and aerobic groups, post-fatigue vestibular function (AMEDA) was significantly lower for those with than those without CAI (anaerobic: p = .030; and aerobic: p =.016). Thus, post-fatigue, participants with CAI showed worse proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular function than those without CAI. Future investigators should further examine each movement sense system in individuals with CAI.
Background: At present, the study to balance ability of functional ankle instability patients is less. The balance ability deficiency may also be one of the important reasons for ankle repeated injury, so the research can effectively reduce the damage probability. Objective: To explore the static balance ability characteristics of functional ankle instability patients. Methods: Ten male subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability were enrolled as the experimental group in the study, and other 10 healthy match-paired subjects were served as the control group. Their static balance ability was measured under double feet standing and single foot standing using win-pod system, the double feet testing lasted for 30 seconds and the single foot testing lasted for 10 seconds. Evaluation parameters of balance ability were obtained. Results and Conclusion: During double feet testing, there were no significant differences in balance ability parameters between the experimental group and the control group whether eyes be opened or closed (P > 0.05), but the index values of double feet testing were obviously less than those of single foot testing. So we concluded that in the double feet standing, there was no significant difference in the static balance ability between functional ankle instability patients and normal persons. Moreover, the static balance ability of double feet was better than that of single feet. In the single foot standing of the affected foot, the static balance ability of functional ankle instability patients was slightly worse than that of the normal persons, especially with eyes closed. Comparison of the average swing between the X-axis and Y-axis found that in the process of maintaining balance posture, the swing direction of the body center of gravity was mainly in the anteroposterior direction.
