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Si fertilizer was never used in rice cultivation by farmers in Indonesia. To evaluate the effect of Si application on blast disease, plant morphologies, and stomata formation on rice plant, a field experiment was conducted in West Java, Indonesia. Two treatments, Si+ (with 1000 kg ha-1 of silica gel) and Si- (without Si application) were set in a r...
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... The low rice yield at SiAP paddy soil status indicated the increased Si addition. In this study, the rice yield increase was not in line with Siregar et al. (2016) in that adding exogenous Si could increase the growth and yield of paddy plants. This research shows that Si addition in paddy soils has potential to be implemented to increase the Si availability for paddy plants. ...
p>Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element for rice plants. However, evaluating the Si availability status of paddy soil is rarely done. This study aimed to investigate the Si availability for plant (Si<sub>AP</sub>), spatial distribution, Si<sub>AP</sub> correlations with some soil properties and the effect of Si<sub>AP</sub> status on the rice yield. This study used a survey method to collect paddy soil and water sample. The pot experiment method was used to evaluate paddy plant response to Si<sub>AP</sub> level. Based on K-means, cluster analysis showed that soil Si<sub>AP</sub> was categorized low (< 147 mg SiO<sub>2</sub> kg<sup>-1</sup>), moderate (147 – 224 mg SiO<sub>2</sub> kg<sup>-1</sup>) and high (> 224 mg SiO<sub>2 </sub>kg<sup>-1</sup>). The Si<sub>AP</sub> status of the paddy soil area of 26,395 hectares (25%), 61,744 hectares (59%) and 15,952 hectares (15%) was categorized as low, moderate and high, respectively. This present study revealed that the upland area paddy soil has higher Si<sub>AP</sub> than the lowland area. Total silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and clay percentage were negatively correlated with the SiAP in soils. Silicon addition to the paddy soil with Si<sub>AP</sub> status showed low to high increase in rice yield by 0.2%, 3.9% and 2.7%.</p
... Fungal pathogen Tomato Improve resistance to anthracnose Physical and Biochemical Barriers [63] Improve resistance to root rot Physical Barriers [64] Improve resistance to early blight Biochemical Barriers [65] Pumpkin Improve resistance to powdery mildew Physical Barriers [16] Oil palms Improve resistance to powdery mildew Physical Barriers [66] Coffee Improve resistance to leaf rust Physical Barriers [67] Pepper Improve resistance to Phytophthora blight Physical Barriers [68] Sorghum Improve resistance to leaf spot Physical Barriers [69] Rice Improve resistance to brown spot Physical Barriers [62] Improve resistance to leaf Scald Physical Barriers [15] Improve resistance to rice blast Physical Barriers [14,70] Improve resistance to sheath blight Physical and Biochemical Barriers [71] Wheat Improve resistance to leaf blast Physical Barriers [72] Improve resistance to tan spot and fusarium head blight Physical Barriers [73] Beans Improve resistance to Phytophthora blight Biochemical Barriers [74] Improve resistance to frogeye leaf spot Biochemical Barriers [75] Improve resistance to anthracnose Biochemical Barriers [76] PerennialRyegrass Improve resistance to leaf spot Biochemical Barriers [77] Bittergourd Improve resistance to powdery mildew Biochemical Barriers [78] Maize Improve resistance to leaf spot Physical and Biochemical Barriers [79] Cotton Improve resistance to Fusarium oxysporum Physical and Biochemical Barriers [80] Rose Improve resistance to powdery mildew Physical and Biochemical Barriers [81] Potato Improve resistance to late blight Biochemical Barriers [82] Bacterial pathogen Tomato Improve resistance to bacterial wilt Biochemical Barriers [18,83,84] Melon Improve resistance to bacterial fruit blotch Physical Barriers [85] Banana Improve resistance to black sigatoka Physical Barriers [86] Beans Improve resistance to leaf spot Physical Barriers [40] ...
Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element after oxygen in the earth’s crust and soil. It is available for plant growth and development, and it is considered as quasi-essential for plant growth. The uptake and transport of Si is mediated by Si transporters. With the study of the molecular mechanism of Si uptake and transport in higher plants, different proteins and coding genes with different characteristics have been identified in numerous plants. Therefore, the accumulation, uptake and transport mechanisms of Si in various plants appear to be quite different. Many studies have reported that Si is beneficial for plant survival when challenged by disease, and it can also enhance plant resistance to pathogens, even at low Si accumulation levels. In this review, we discuss the distribution of Si in plants, as well as Si uptake, transport and accumulation, with a focus on recent advances in the study of Si transporters in different plants and the beneficial roles of Si in disease resistance. Finally, the application prospects are reviewed, leading to an exploration of the benefits of Si uptake for plant resistance against pathogens.
... However, it does not result in excessive yield loss if the infection occurs in the phase of tiller development. The use of Si application also indicated a positive effect to reduce the intensity of leaf and neck blast attack, in particular for Ciherang variety (Siregar et al. 2016). Also, Amir et al. (2003) reported that the blast neck might potentially damage the rice crop if there is ample moisture at the beginning of flowering; either happening in morning or afternoon. ...
Sopialena, Sofian, Nurdiana J. 2019. Diversity of diseases of rice (Oryza sativa) in Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 3: 55-62. This research aimed to identify the diversity of diseases that are becoming the main threat to four paddy varieties in Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesia. Though similar studies have been conducted, to our knowledge, this research brings significant findings related to the diverse categories of plant diseases in the specific geographical area. The study was performed in Sidomulyo village, Anggana district using a purposive sampling method. From the selected paddy fields in the size of 2x2 square meters, the samples then were identified. Further analysis was performed on every suspected infected part of the plants. The results showed that there are five dominant plant diseases found, i.e., Blast disease, brown spot, narrow brown spot, false smut, and Sheath blight. Whereas the main cause of the diseases recorded are fungus and bacteria, i.e., Pyricularia grisae (Cke) Sacc., Cercospora oryzae Miyake., Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn., Helminthosporium oryzae L., Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke) Tak.), and Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae Dye.
... Previous study indicated that foliar application significantly reduced powdery mildew disease in cucumber, musk-melon, zucchini and grape Menzies et al. 1992). In flooded rice cultivation system, ground application of silica gel reduces neck and leaf blast, increases stomata density (Siregar et al. 2016), whereas foliar application of silicon increases tiller count and biomass (Agostinho et al. 2017) and also enhance resistance against rice blast disease (Cacique et al. 2013). There were no consistent outcomes on foliar and ground applications of Si to enhance host resistance against plant pathogen infection and growth (Rezende et al. 2009;Farnaz et al. 2012;Agostinho et al. 2017). ...
... The application of Si-based fertilizers has been reported to improve plant growth, yield and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses in various plant (Seebold et al. 2001;Farnaz et al. 2012;Siregar et al. 2016). Generally, the application of calcium silicate was commonly used as soil application in agriculture due to its high content of SiO 2 (Ma and Takahashi 2002). ...
The bio-efficacy of calcium silicate as foliar application in enhancing physical barrier mechanism against Pyricularia oryzae in aerobic rice was investigated. A blast-partially resistant cultivar, MR219–4 and a resistant cultivar MARDI Aerob 1 were cultivated under aerobic conditions with foliar application of calcium silicate at 3, 6 and 9 mg/L. Foliar application of calcium silicate at 9 mg/L indicated the highest rice blast disease reduction for both cultivars, MR219–4 (89.21%) and MARDI Aerob 1 (97.87%). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) demonstrated that MARDI Aerob 1 has uniform distribution on the dumbbell shape of silica bodies in leaf epidermis compared with MR219–4 where there was a fractured on the dumbbell shape with non-uniform distribution of silica dumbbell bodies. Besides, MARDI Aerob 1 has significantly higher Silicon (Si) weight (34.49%) compared with MR219–4 (18.29%). Both rice cultivars exhibited significant increases in Si deposition for plant treated with calcium silicate through foliar application, especially when P. oryzae was inoculated. The Si content in rice leaf shown a consistence result with the Si distribution. However, the lignin content in Si-treated rice plant was significantly increased only with P. oryzae inoculation. MARDI Aerob 1 demonstrated higher lignin content (0.74%) compared with MR219–4 (0.60%) for Si-treated and P. oryzae inoculated treatment. This study revealed that foliar application of calcium silicate at 9 mg/L enhanced the resistance of aerobic rice against P. oryzae infection through accumulation and fortification of Si in the epidermal cell wall and increased lignin content in the leaf.
... Then, higher plant Si content probably reduced blast disease infection as Ma and Takahashi (2002) reviewed several literatures. Vol. 8, No. 12;2016 Si application clearly gave the positive effect on reducing leaf blast infection on Ciherang variety, which agreed with the research results found in West Java (Siregar et al., 2016) where soil Si available was 426.54 mg SiO 2 kg -1 and for the other rice varieties in different countries such as in Japan, Brazil and Thailand (Seebold, 1988;Prabhu et al., 2001;Hayasaka et al., 2005;Wattanapayapkul et al., 2011). The present result showed that Si application showed clearer effect on reducing blast disease on rice plant with soil Si available is 31.27 ...
... It probably indicated the adaptation of rice plant to water limited condition as reported by Spence et al. (1986) and Kramer (1988). The present study showed that Si application clearly gave the positive effect on increasing stomata density on Ciherang variety throughout observation, which agreed with the previous results found in West Java (Siregar et al., 2016). These are in line with the result from Dias et al. (2014), stated that there is indication of Si addition promoted the development of higher stomata density. ...
p>Five inorganic materials (steel slag, silica gel, electric furnace slag, fly ash and Japanese silica fertilizer) and six organic materials (rice husk-biochar, rice straw compost, media of mushroom, cacao shell-biochar, rice husk-ash and elephant grass), were evaluated as Si fertilizer sources for rice plants ( Oryza sativa L.) in two soil types (red clayey and sandy soil). Evaluation was carried out by incubating them at 30<sup>o</sup>C under submerged condition for 70 days. The soil solution was replaced at day 7, 14, 21, 42, 49, 56, 63 and 70 and the amount of silicon (Si) release, pH, Eh, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in soil solutions were determined. The amount of Si release ranged from n.d. (not detected)-32444.7 mg Si kg<sup>-1</sup> and 105.84-48524.0 mg Si kg<sup>-1</sup> in red clayey and sandy soil solutions, respectively during 70 days of incubation. Reduction in soil Eh was accompanied with an increase in the solubility of the soil Si especially for silica gel, electric furnace slag, elephant grass and media of mushroom. Higher exchangeable Ca content in soil tended to suppress Si release from rice straw compost, rice husk-ash and cacao shell-biochar. Considering the results of present study and availability of the materials, we concluded that steel slag of the inorganic materials and rice straw/husk and cacao shell-biochar of organic materials had the highest potential as Si fertilizer source in Indonesia.</p
