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Inhibition zone (IZ) of bacterial growth of selected pathogens in relation to atmospheric pressure plasma jet exposure duration (seconds). The interior circles in the second column represent examples of determined IZ .
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The Plaz4 electrosurgical generator produces a nonequilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) at 26°C. This APPJ was tested for its antibacterial capabilities on common wound-related pathogens. The inhibition zone (IZ) of bacterial growth and surviving colony-forming units (CFUs) within the IZ were determined for 4 common clinical isolates:...
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Context 1
... show a positive correlation between the duration of plasma exposure and the size of the bacterial growth IZ, as well as a negative correlation between exposure dura- tion and the number of surviving colonies inside the IZ (Figs. ...
Context 2
... time, the diameter of the IZ for all strains increases from a mean of 2.8 cm at 30 seconds - ence between strains until 140 seconds of exposure time, at which point all strains have a substantially equivalent IZ. Post-hoc testing reveals that P. aeruginosa is the sole outlier P. aeru- ginosa and other strains at 30 seconds is shown clearly in Fig. 4; it begins to ...
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Citations
... Joshi et al.(2011) andLiu et al.(2013 suggested thatlonger treatment times and higher plasma voltages are more successful at inhibiting it.Also,cells exposed to direct plasma may experience stress, and the active ions may immediately impact those cells.UV radiation, active ions, charged molecules, reactive oxygen kinds (ROS), and reactive nitrogen types (RNS) are a few examples of reactive types that can be produced.The most significant part of ROS is the inactivation of microbes [16,17]. These results agreed with Sanaei (2015), which suggested that the more extended plasma exposure over 5 min., the higher the bacterial inhibition of pS.aureus strain[12], Kulaga et al.(2016) noticed to other exposure times, expect 2min.Depending on infection injuries and inflammations, they can be adopted as adequate treatment times. The antibacterial peculiarity of APCPJ makes it a powerful tool to curb and demoralize MDR pathogens.The efficacy scope of APCPJ, as antibacterial is affected, depends on the devices' types, operating gas composition and flow rate, variation of source frequency, voltage and power, exposure distance, treatment time, initial concentration of microorganism suspension, and growth media and nature of target microorganisms.Further, the role of various APCPJ agents, i.e., the electric field in the inactivation mechanism, UV radiation, reactive species,and charged particles[10], alsoScholtz et al. (2015) and Bourke et al.(2017) suggested that the effectiveness of bacterial eradication by APCPJ is based on the time of treatment and the kinds of microorganisms and also the concentration or amount of the pathogens [11,15]; there for the results is diverging among previous and recent literature studies. ...
The atmospheric pressure cold plasma jet (APCPJ) is a promising approach for sterilizing and eradicating pathogenic bacteria in a natural setting.A helium-APPJ was created by a single electric discharge and used to inhibit pathogenicStaphylococcus aureus(pS.aureus)as a nosocomial pathogenic model microorganism in this study.Discharge characteristics (including waveform and frequency of applied voltage), jet properties (such as feed gas flow rate, jet length, thermal effect, and optic emission spectra), and in vitropurging performance (in terms of clear/inhibition area anddiameter of a pellucid zone(DPZ)) were investigated.A homogeneous helium plasma jet was generated in an energy-saving method at (13kHz, 4kV), (2 slm) with a jet (10mm)at 37C0.The APCPJ used helium gas through a high-voltage electrical spark to achieve a good performance of the target pS.aureus strain repression tool during various treatment periods (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 min).The optical emission spectra indicate that active species such as
excited particles, ions, and radicals produced from the generation of cold helium plasma jets played an essential role in the sterilization processes.The traditional antibiogram for sensitivity was done by disk diffusion test, the pS.aureus
showed high resistance to Erythromycin, Methicillin,and Gentamycin, with a DPZ(0, 7,and 10mm) respectively, and intermediate resistance toCiprofloxacin(26mm-with many dispersed colonies grown within the inhibition zone).According to the DPZ, 10 min was the best exposure time significantly, with 32mm for the inhibition action
than the rest also, 4, 6, and 8 mins were good exposure periods capable of inhibitingpSaureus without any significant difference among them (24, (24,26, and 27)mm respectively.This study concluded that APCPJ could be dependent as a novel unique alternative physiotherapeutic device and/or can assist and boost the efficiency of chemical and biological treatment in the different medical anagement fields.
... CAP was shown to be a viable strategy for decreasing contamination of cancer-associated ulcerations but only accompanied by insignificant adverse effects in a clinical follow-up of 12 advanced head and neck patients [32]. Another prospective plasma jet, the Plaz4 electrosurgical generator [see Fig. 4(a)], generates CAP at 26 • C and has been shown to be efficient in controlling pathogenic microorganisms and reducing thrombosis during surgeries with no safety concerns [33]. Microwave-driven Ar-plasma torch MicroPlaSter (ADTEC Plasma Technology Company Ltd., Fukuyama, Japan) [34] is another clinically tested plasma source. ...
Cancer is a devastating and life-threatening disease. It is the second leading cause of death worldwide after heart diseases. While science has significantly advanced to improve the treatment outcome and quality of life in cancer patients, there are still many issues with the current therapies, such as toxicity and the development of resistance to treatment. Among the novel tools to overcome these limitations is nonthermal plasma (NTP) and its treatment regimens. Recent progress in NTP devices with ion temperatures close to room temperature demonstrated significant potential in cancer therapy. NTP devices provide a unique combination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), photons, and electric fields that exhibit desirable properties of triggering cell death pathways, selectively for cancer cells. While in principle NTP is nonnecrotic and gentle to the tissue, but reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS)-triggered tumor cell death exhibited to have pro-immunogenic properties. Many
in vitro
and
in vivo
experiments have demonstrated antitumor effects of direct NTP, synergistic applications of NTP with anticancer drugs/treatments, and plasma-conditioned medium (PCM) applications against a variety of cancer cells. The latest results and findings in this field are the subject of this review along with a brief lay-reader-explanation of cancer and immunology. In this review, initially, we give an overview of the literature that deals with studies on the use of NTP for cancer treatment. Subsequently, we present typical results from that literature to illustrate the advances of NTP in oncology. Finally, we discuss some challenges and future scopes offered by NTP for cancer treatment.
... Thus, CAP, relying on ROS to take on actions, may reduce the amount and frequency of CAR-T cells infused to the patient to achieve the desired therapeutic efficacy, and thus reduce the probability of causing side effects related to over-activated immune response. On the other hand, CAP is a mild approach with multiple clinical applications, the safety of which has been rigorously examined and clinically validated for years (106)(107)(108)(109)(110)(111). Being a treatment strategy with multi-modality nature, CAP has demonstrated its power in creating synergies with chemotherapies such as Temozolomide (91) and Bortezomib (92), as well as rewiring drug resistant cells to a chemo-sensitive state (112). ...
T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) have demonstrated its widespread efficacy as a targeted immunotherapeutic modality. Yet, concerns on its specificity, efficacy and generalization prevented it from being established into a first-line approach against cancers. By reviewing challenges limiting its clinical application, ongoing efforts trying to resolve them, and opportunities that emerging oncotherapeutic modalities may bring to temper these challenges, we conclude that careful CAR design should be done to avoid the off-tumor effect, enhance the efficacy of solid tumor treatment, improve product comparability, and resolve problems such as differential efficacies of co-stimulatory molecules, cytokine storm, tumor lysis syndrome, myelosuppression and severe hepatotoxicity. As a promising solution, we propose potential synergies between CAR-T therapies and cold atmospheric plasma, an emerging onco-therapeutic strategy relying on reactive species, towards improved therapeutic efficacies and enhanced safety that deserve extensive investigations.
... The biofilm composed of complex microorganism community can also be effectively inactivated by CAP treatment (Figure 2c) [32][33][34][35]. These anti-bacterial capacities of CAP may be the foundation to drastically improve wound healing efficacy (Figure 2d) [29,[36][37][38][39]. Over the past decade, CAP has shown impressive potential as a novel anti−cancer tool both in vitro and in vivo. ...
... The biofilm composed of complex microorganism community can also be effectively inactivated by CAP treatment (Figure 2c) [32][33][34][35]. These anti-bacterial capacities of CAP may be the foundation to drastically improve wound healing efficacy ( Figure 2d) [29,[36][37][38][39]. Over the past decade, CAP has shown impressive potential as a novel anti-cancer tool both in vitro and in vivo. ...
... CAP also can inactivate many food-borne pathogens [145,146]. So far, most studies focused to describe the inhibition capacity of CAP on bacteria in vitro [36,147,148]. The direct microscopic observation of such cellular death is rare. ...
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a near-room-temperature partially ionized gas, composed of reactive neutral and charged species. CAP also generates physical factors, including ultraviolet (UV), thermal and electromagnetic (EM) effects. Studies over the past decade demonstrated that CAP could effectively induce death in a wide range of cell types, from mammalian to bacterial cells. Viruses can also be inactivated by a CAP treatment. The CAP-triggered cell death types mainly include apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy-associated cell death. Cell death and viral inactivation triggered by CAP are the foundation of the emerging medical applications of CAP, including cancer therapy, sterilization, and wound healing. Here we systematically analyze the entire picture of multi-modal biological destruction by CAP treatment and their underlying mechanisms based on the latest discoveries particularly the physical effects on cancer cells.
... The CAPP used in medical field have become a rapidly developing interdisciplinary field that brings a new innovative approach in a broad range of biomedical applications [3]. Atmospheric pressure plasma can be operated at an excitation frequency either in the several tens of kilohertz ac range (or pulsed mode) or in the Radio Frequency (RF) range [4]. ...
The atmospheric pressure plasma technique has been recognized in health care for disinfection in wounds as well as that it can enhance wound healing and reduce pain in patient without side effects. In this study, Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Jets (DBDJs) were used for bactericidal in vitro as well as the efficiency of bacteria killing were investigated using gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus). The DBDJs plasma used He gas at flow rate at 1 L/min, pulse repetition rate between 50 to 110 Hz and exposure time 15 to 60 s for bactericidal. The studies of DBDJs utilized an Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) to identify radical species in the plasma. The results of the OES studies showed in DBDJs plasma N2, NO, He and OH radical groups were found. These radicals in plasma played an important role in bactericidal, including wound healing. The intensity of radical in plasma depends on the repetition rate applied by the plasma system. After DBDJs plasma exposure, plates were incubated at 37 °C. Repetition rate and time of plasma exposure were drastically reduced. With the increase in the repetition rate over 100 Hz or exposure time up to 60 s for bactericidal, the reduction of bacteria was increased up to 100 %. The large clear zone showed the efficiency of bacteria killed ability of the plasma.
Atmospheric pressure gas plasmas are emerging as a promising treatment in cancer that can supplement the existing set of treatment modalities and, when combined with other therapies, enhance their selectivity and efficacy against resistant cancers. With further optimisation in production and administration of plasma treatment, plasma-enabled therapy has a strong potential to mature as a tool for selectively curing highly resistant solid tumours. Although intense preclinical studies have been conducted to exploit the unique traits of plasma as an oncotherapy, few clinical studies are underway. This review identifies types of cancers and patient groups that most likely benefit from plasma oncotherapy, to introduce clinical practitioners to plasma therapy and accelerate the speed of translating plasma for cancer control in clinics.
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) operates at temperatures between 36 and 52°C. It is a highly efficient tool in a number of hygiene and biomedical applications. CAP is effective against microorganisms and viruses. Development of microbial resistance has not been observed yet and is not expected. As opposed to some chemical disinfectants and sterilization processes, cold plasmas are suitable for treatment of temperature-sensitive materials without leaving toxic residues. CAP has been used in combination with hydrogen peroxide vapor for sterilization in health care services and industry since 1993. New developments for sterilization are emerging with peracetic acid, N2 or Ar-N2 plasma, microwave-excited plasma, and steam plasma-flow autoclave techniques. Technical solutions for disinfection of medical devices are still being developed.
