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Ziziphus spina Crist leaves extract is well known by its antimicrobial activity and its uses in skin diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of the plant leaves against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli species. Also, to formulate effective, stable herbal antibacterial cream and evaluat...
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... was found that the maximum antibacterial activity in 20% concentration of the plant was 22mm and 19.44 mm for S. aureus and E. coli respectively. The inhibition zones of the antibiotic disks are presented in Table 5, showing that S. aureus and E. coli were resistant to penicillin, methicillin, vancomycin , oxacillin and tetracycline. On the other hand, E. coli was resistant to Carbenicillin. S. aureus was resistant to novobiocin while the latter inhibited the growth of E. coli. ...Citations
... Several researches showed that so many herbal plants has been formulated into cream and they showed a significant antimicrobial properties like antibacterial cream from Oxalis corniculata aqueous extract, 13 vanishing herbal cream of crude drugs, 14 multipurpose herbal cream formulation, 15 herbal cream from Ziziphus spina, 16 Ziziphus jujuba 17 leaves extract and poly herbal cream from Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) ethanolic extract. 18 Thus in the present study, aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Andrographis paniculata were incorporated into aqueous cream base and evaluated. ...
... The creams had good spreadability based on values of spreadability obtained (37.5±0.5g.cm/s to 75±1.0g.cm/s). Saad et al, 16 observed similar values of spreadability when alcoholic extract of Ziziphus spina leaves was formulated into herbal cream. These high values showed that the duration it takes for the slides to separate is low due to lesser friction and hence better spreadability. ...
Herbal plants contain substances of medicinal values or precursors for synthesis of important drugs, however, not much have been done in terms of standardization and effective delivery system. Various routes can be employed to deliver herbs, but the topical route is the safest. In this study, aqueous and ethanolic extractions of Andrographis paniculata were carried out. Antimicrobial screening of the extract before and after incorporation into cream base was carried out using standard antimicrobial agents as positive control. Formulated creams were evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, spreadability, viscosity and stability. Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were used for the sensitivity studies. Percentage yield for ethanolic and aqueous extracts were 17.5%w/w and 13.33%w/w respectively. Both microbes were sensitive to pure ethanolic extract and creams formulated from ethanolic extract, but resistant to aqueous extract. Zones of inhibition for the ethanolic extract ranged from 7.33 ± 0.58 mm to 14.00 ± 0.00 mm (Candida albicans) and 6.00 ± 1.00 mm to 12.33 ± 0.58 mm (Staphylococcus aureus). Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations, MICs, were 25 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL for Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The MIC for the formulated cream (15% w/w) was 150 mg/mL for both organisms. The pH of formulated creams ranged from 5.54 to 6.84; the viscosity, 18,800 to 60,500 mPas. The spreadability values were between 37.5 ± 0 and 75.0 ± 0.2 g.cm/s. All formulated creams were stable. Thus herbal creams formulated from Andrographis paniculata ethanolic extract retained the antimicrobial properties of the extract and as such can be applied topically for the treatment of skin diseases involving these microorganisms.
... Several researches showed that so many herbal plants has been formulated into cream and they showed a significant antimicrobial properties like antibacterial cream from Oxalis corniculata aqueous extract, 13 vanishing herbal cream of crude drugs, 14 multipurpose herbal cream formulation, 15 herbal cream from Ziziphus spina, 16 Ziziphus jujuba 17 leaves extract and poly herbal cream from Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) ethanolic extract. 18 Thus in the present study, aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Andrographis paniculata were incorporated into aqueous cream base and evaluated. ...
... The creams had good spreadability based on values of spreadability obtained (37.5±0.5g.cm/s to 75±1.0g.cm/s). Saad et al, 16 observed similar values of spreadability when alcoholic extract of Ziziphus spina leaves was formulated into herbal cream. These high values showed that the duration it takes for the slides to separate is low due to lesser friction and hence better spreadability. ...
The major reason for development of new drug delivery system is based largely on promoting therapeutic outcome and minimizing toxic effect of a drug by increasing the amount and persistence of a drug in target cells areas, while reducing exposure of the drug to non-target cells. In this study, Grewia spp gum obtained from Grewia spp pods was extracted and used as binder and release retardant in the formulation of controlled release theophylline tablets. A total of six (6) batches of the tablets were produced with carried concentrations of the test gum by wet granulation technique. To produce the tablets, various granules were formulated via wet granulation and characterized by measuring flow and packing properties. Granules with adequate flow properties were compressed to tablets. Tablets so formed were evaluated for hardness, percentage friability, weight variability and drug release profiles. The percentage yield was 18.64% and the pH of the test gum was 6.15. The angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density and Carr’s index of the formulated granules ranged from 22.48±0.00 to 24.90±0.00˚, 0.53±0.03 to 0.67±0.00g/ml, 0.67±0.02 to 0.82±0.00g/ml and 18.29±0.00 to 22.06±0.26% respectively. Resultant tablets hardness values of 3.69±0.45 to 13.39±0.65kgF and friability percentage of 0.40± 0.00 to 2.56%±0.01% were also obtained. The formulated theophylline granules showed good flow properties and compressibility. Thus, the study revealed that the test gum has comparable binding effect to Eudragit RS 100 at a ratio of 2:1. We recommend further studies to rule out any interaction of Grewia spp gum with theophylline in controlled release theophylline tablets.
... The main advantage of applying topical emulsions (creams) is that they increase the solubility and bioavailability of therapeutic drugs as well as the ability to favor the topical transport of hydrophilic solute [11]. The cream is an emulsion with semisolid form so it can be disrupted by alcoholic agents, acidic agents, and refrigeration [14,15]. ...
Objective: The purpose of this research is to make a skincare cream that contains bioactive from Momordica charantia leaves (MCL) using three kinds of base cream. Methods: The dried MCL made into powder shape and then extracted using 96% ethanol solvent. The liquid extract was evaporated using a vacuum evaporator until obtained by the viscous extract. The Momordica charantia leaves ethanol extract (MEE) with a concentration of 4.00% made into a cosmetic product used vanishing, cold, and hand and body cream as a base. Creams made by mixing the oil phase and water phase at 70 °C until cream mass formed, then added MEE at 40 °C. All the product creams were evaluated their physical and chemical characteristics and stability tested. Results: Cream of Momordica charantia leaf ethanol extract had semisolid form, yellowish color, the peculiar smell of Momordica charantia ethanol extract, homogeneous, pH 6.37-6.67, easily spread with spreading ability 2,081.21-2,835.43 mm2, has viscosity 125,000-18,0000 cps and stable 3 mo in a room and 60 °C temperature storage. Conclusion: Momordica charantia leaves can be made become a good cream for skincare cosmetics that more beneficial and profitable than as waste. This skincare creams using vanishing base cream, cold cream, and hand and body cream as base creams.
... The prepared herbal formulation was tested for physical appearance and homogeneity simply by visual observations and by touch and was observed carefully for the presence of any clumps, aggregates etc. Homogeneity of the formulation was ranked as: +++ = excellent, ++ = very good, + = good, -= poor (Saad et al., 2013). ...
... For checking the smell of prepared formulation, sufficient amount of formulation was mixed in distilled water and then smell was checked (Saad et al., 2013). ...
Medicinal plants are long been used for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. Among medicinal plants, Polygonum amplexicaule of family polygonaceae has traditional use in medicines and skin care. P. amplexicaule belongs to genus Polygonum that contains several important phytochemicals and considered as a rich source of antioxidants. The present study was designed to formulate herbal gel containing P. amplexicaule extract and evaluate its different physical properties as well as antioxidants and antityrosinase activities. Chitosan gel base was used as gelling agent and different gel formulations were prepared by different concentrations of extracts and polymers. Physical properties like pH, colour, odour, appearance and homogeneity, spreadability, extrudability and stability were optimized and analysed. A stable gel formulation containing 1% chitosan gel base and 5% plant extract was prepared that showed good appearance and homogeneity, easily spread ability and excellent extrudability. This gel formulation was tested for antioxidant and skin whitening properties by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and tyrosinase inhibition assay respectively and ascorbic acid was used as reference standard. DPPH scavenging activity with an IC 50 value of 0.446 mg/mL and tyrosinase inhibition activity with an IC 50 value of 0.805 mg/mL was observed and results indicated that this herbal gel formulation has a good potential for cosmetic use.
... The viscosity of all shampoo formulas was measured in triplicate at room temperature. The rheology of the formulas was determined by calculating curves for the rate of shear (rpm) versus shearing stress (F/A) [13]. ...
Objective: Banana waste, especially corms, has potential as a source of haircare agents due to its active compound, anthraquinone, which is known to promote hair growth. This study aimed to assess preparations of hair tonic shampoo containing Musa acuminata Colla corm extract and evaluate their characteristics and stability. Methods: Three shampoo formulas were prepared containing 8%, 10%, and 12% corm extract. Physical stability tests were performed at high (60±2 °C) and room temperature (25±2 °C) for three weeks. The shampoo formulas were evaluated for their organoleptic properties (colour, form, and odour), homogeneity, pH, density, viscosity, rheology, foam height and stability, and surface tension. Results: The shampoo formulas with corm extract were white to yellowish-white, creamy, and smelled of banana, and were homogenous without precipitation. The formulas had a pH of 6.08–6.12, a density of 1.027–1.054 g/ml, foam height of 3.56–3.63 ml, the surface tension of 28.92–29.85 dyne/cm, viscosity of 16,000–120,000 cps and pseudoplastic flow properties. Conclusion: The natural hair tonic shampoo formulas prepared with M. acuminata corm have good characteristics.
... Physical properties: Formulation properties of cream were studied visually with respect to its appearance and characteristics for grittiness or presence of foreign particles, pH of cream, viscosity, determination of the type of emulsion (dilution test), stability test with respect to globule size, moisture absorption studies, shelf life, spreadability for all the three formulations (F1, F2, F3) [25][26][27][28]. ...
Background:
Many topical agents are available in the market which interfere with pigmentation process at different levels. They are often known to cause side effects ranging from irritation to tumor over chronic use.
Objective:
The present study was designed to develop and characterize an antiblemish cream containing herbal oils.
Methods:
A herbal cream was formulated using dill, nagarmotha and black cumin oil and subjected to evaluation of its antiblemish potential against stress augmented UV-B rays induced hyperpigmentation. Topical oil in water type of cream containing 2%, 4% and 6% of each oil was formulated using herbal oils. The formulated cream was characterized for solubility, pH, particle size, grittiness, viscosity, stability, phase separation, shelf life and spreadability, and found to be stable. Acute dermal toxicity was carried out individually for dill, nagarmotha and black cumin oil according to OECD guideline 402. Hyperpigmentation was induced in all the experimental animals by stress augmented UV-B irradiation method. The animals were treated for 30 days (twice daily) with standard and test formulations by topical administration, whereas the disease group was left untreated. The skin of the animals were subjected to photographical study as well as grading for pigmentation and irritation before and after treatment. After treatment period, the serum antioxidant levels were estimated and histopathology, histochemical studies of skin were performed.
Results:
The animals treated with test formulations containing 2%, 4%, 6% of herbal oil showed significant improvement from pigmentation compared to disease control as it is evident in photographical biochemical, histopathological and histochemical studies.
Conclusion:
Thus, it was concluded that the developed antiblemish cream containing herbal oils possess significant antiblemish potential. This study necessitates further evaluations in human subjects as it could have highly positive therapeutic value in the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
... The formulation was made according to the protocol described by Heyam et al. 13 with some modifications. The base creams consisting in oil and water phases were prepared: the oily phase composed of beeswax, shea butter, cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, polysorbate 60 and an aqueous phase composed of borax and purified water were incorporated at different concentrations (Tables 1 and 2). ...
... The homogeneity of each formulation was tested by visual observation of their classified cream miscibility score using the criteria of Heyam et al. 2013 which are as follows: +++ excellence, ++ very good, + good,no. ...
The increasing incidence of dermatophytoses in the world and the side effects of the current therapies encouraged the search of alternative drugs. Hence the objective of this work was to determine antidermatophytes activity of Syzigium aromaticum formulate antidermatophytic cream. Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared by maceration of plant materials into methanol. Three formulations of creams were made, and the best was chosen according to its physicochemical stability and appearance. The acute dermal toxicity and antidermatophytic efficacy of the cream was performed on guinea-pig. Results: The methanolic extract of S. aromaticum was incorporated in the final cream formulation. The formulation containing shea-butter 58.5%, acetylic alcohol 2.5%, stearic acid 1.5%, bee-wax 10%, borax 1.5%, polysorbate 60 2.5%, 2 drops of lactic acid and water was chosen because of its good appearance and stability. The cream with methanolic extract of S. aromaticum did not reveal any dermal toxic effect. The cream efficacy was dose-dependent. The treatment with cream at 5% methanolic extracts of S. aromaticum revealed the best potency after 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: These results show that the cream at 5% methanolic extract of S. aromaticum seed is promising in the treatment of dermatophytoses and could be used as an alternative in the development of a new therapy.
... It is considered holy and is called "sedar" in the Middle East regions. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] This plant shows antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-nociceptive, and antihyperglycemic properties. Hence, various parts of this plant serve best for several diseases such as skin irritation, headache, eye inflammation, urinary tract infection, bronchitis, snake bite, and toothache. ...
... Hence, various parts of this plant serve best for several diseases such as skin irritation, headache, eye inflammation, urinary tract infection, bronchitis, snake bite, and toothache. [14,[17][18][19][20] To the best of our knowledge, no researches have reported in dentistry to use the benefits of this miraculous natural plant. Therefore, this study aimed to avail antibacterial activity in conventional dental cements by incorporating various parts of this plant. ...
... This study used the incorporation of the Z. spina plant extracts into various dental cements due to its antibacterial activity. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Ziziphus spina, a subtropical evergreen plant, possesses a large amount of naturally occurring biologically active chemical compounds termed as secondary metabolite components, for their existence in harsh surroundings. [20][21][22] Antibacterial activity of these plants attributed to the phytochemical components present in it. ...
... Do the same for 25 g weight [9]. Spread ability test also was performed by applying the cream on the skin and noticing whether spreading was good or not [12]. ...
In Indonesia, it is not uncommon to find children who suffer from fever which can occur due to the change of weather from the rainy season during the dry season or vice versa. Communities in rural areas generally use onion (Allium ascalonicum L) to relieve fever in children. Cream preparations are made by varying the concentration of the emulgator to determine the effect of different concentrations of the emulgator on the physical characteristics of the cream preparation. The emulgator used is tween 80 and span 60 with a concentration of Formula 1: 3.5%, Formula 2: 3.75%, formula 3: 4%. Physical evaluations carried out in this study were organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, cream washability, cream type, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, and freeze-thaw tests. The results of the study it can be concluded that the differences in the concentration of the emulgator can affect the physical characteristics of the cream preparation, namely in the spreading test and the adhesion test shows that F3 (4%) can reduce the spreadability of the cream preparation but can be attached to a long time when compared to F1 (3.5%) and F2 (3.75%). The physically optimal cream preparation formula is F1 and F2 because it meets all the requirements in the evaluation test. Keywords: Cream, onion, emulgator, physical characteristics
... In Arab countries, Z. spina-christi is known as "SEDR" [4]. The trees are used traditionally in many skin and hair treatments [5]. Mainly to alleviate skin infections and improve the length and strength of hair [5][6][7]. ...
... The trees are used traditionally in many skin and hair treatments [5]. Mainly to alleviate skin infections and improve the length and strength of hair [5][6][7]. The Z. spina-christi extract has an anti-inflammatory activity that shows significant inhibition of inflammation [8]. ...
... One study showed its antineoplastic behavior, while another one showed an antinociceptive behavior of the bark extract [4,10]. In one study a cream made from the plant was used for the treatment of skin infections and ulcers, with good success [5]. ...
The most common side effect for cancer patients using epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRI) is the development of an itchy papulopustular rash. In severe cases, the patients are forced to stop taking the medications, hence affecting treatment outcomes. We herein report a case of a 50-year-old patient who developed a papulopustular rash after starting erlotinib. He treated himself with Ziziphus spina-christi leaves which is a plant well known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties in the middle east. We hypothesize that the anti-inflammatory, soothing, and antibacterial activity of the Ziziphus tree might actually represent a possible better treatment of the rash than available treatments, particularly in patients on EGFR blockers, and hence improve treatment outcomes.
