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Spiroplana centripeta is described as a new genus and species from Korea. Its spirally coiled conidia closely resemble those of the aeroaquatic genus Spirosphaera but its ecology differs totally, as it is parasitic to living Philadelphus and Deutzia leaves causing symptoms superficially similar to powdery mildew disease. No sexual state has been fo...
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Dispersal is a key process driving local‐scale community assembly and global‐scale biogeography of plant symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities. A trait‐based approach could improve predictions regarding how AM fungal aerial dispersal varies by species.
We conducted month‐long collections of aerial AM fungi for 12 consecutive mont...
Survey of airborne bio-particulate objects was carried out at Chittagong University Campus during
October, 2006 to September, 2007. A total of 1,451 such airborne objects were encountered consisting of
plant parts and non-plant parts. Flower parts made the highest contribution, followed by dermal appendages, filamentous objects, fungal spores, plan...
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... The recovered fungal taxa (genera and species) were identified according to the characteristic features of conidia using the following references: -(Nilsson [73], Ingold [74], Descals and Webster [75], Marvanová and Descals [76], Descals et al. [77], Santos-Flores and Betancourt-López [78], González et al. [79], Marvanová and Bärlocher [80], Gulis et al. [81], Chen et al. [82], Bärlocher and Marvanová [83], Seifert et al. [84], Voglmayr [85], Fiuza and Gusmão [86], Sati et al. [87]. ...
The current study aimed to explore the biodiversity of water-borne spora of Ingoldian mycobiota from mixed submerged plant litter and surface water of two water areas at Assiut (Upper Egypt). Thirty-eight identified species in addition to three unidentified species and fifteen unknown fungal taxa related to twenty-five fungal genera were gathered from either submerged mixed plant litter or surface water samples collected from twenty water sites at Nile River and El-Ibrahimia canal at Assiut (10 sites for each). Of these fungi, twenty-one identified species, two isolates were identified on only genus level in addition to 14 unknown fungal taxa are new records for Egypt. The samples collected from the Nile River were the richest and highest diversity (38 identified species, 3 unidentified species which belong to 25 genera in addition to 14 unknown taxa) in comparison with those collected from the El-Ibrahimia canal (19 identified species and one unknown taxon which belong to 7 genera only). The fungal taxa were isolated from water samples using Ficus leaves as substrates (baits). The monitored Ingoldian fungi varied in their occurrence frequency, diversity and abundance depending upon the sampling source and the employed substrate. Anguillospora, Dactylella, Triscelophorus, Flagellospora and Lemonniera were the most prevalent fungal genera. Anguillospora longissima, A. rosea, Dactyllela arnaudi and Triscelophorus monosporus were the commonest species. The broadest species spectra were recorded for Dactylella (6 species), Anguillospora (4 species), Lemonniera, Pyramidospora and Triscelophorus (3 species for each). The samples collected from the Nile River exhibited a higher fungal diversity and abundance than those collected from the El-Ibrahimia canal. Twenty-five species related to 18 fungal genera in addition to 14 entirely unknown fungal taxa were exclusively recovered from the Nile River but completely missed in El-Ibrahimia Canal. All fungal genera and species gathered from the El-Ibrahimia canal, except one unknown taxon, were also represented in the samples collected from the Nile River. Most of the recovered fungi exhibited variable diversity, frequency of occurrence and abundance depending upon the sampling site, water body and substrate. This work provides a checklist, description and photos of some Ingoldian fungal taxa emerged from both experimented water bodies.
... Kirk, Cannon, Minter, and Stalpers (2008) (Fig. 4). Voglmayr, Park, and Shin (2011) showed S. beverwijkiana is closely related to M. microscopicum, whereas S. minuta is the sister species of the S. beverwijkiana/Microthyrium clade. This result not only clearly confirmed that Hamatispora phuquocensis belongs to the Microthyriaceae/Microthyriales but also suggested the Condylospora is also a member of the Microthyriales. ...
A new aquatic fungus was isolated from submerged, decaying leaves collected at Phu Quoc Island in Vietnam. The fungus produced hyaline, unique-shaped conidia consisting of a hook-shaped main axis and three arms at the helicoid part of the main axis. Based on its conidial development and morphological characteristics, Hamatispora phuquocensis was newly introduced. Phylogenetic analyses based on LSU nrDNA sequences showed that it clusters with Microthyrium spp. and belongs to Microthyriales. Furthermore, we generated ITS barcode for this hyphomycetous fungus.
... The morphological resemblance of mycopappus-like propagules between leotiomycetous and dothideomycetous lineages appears to be the result of convergent evolution due to similar ecological function, such as rain-splash dispersal across the leaf surface. A similar situation was reported in two phylogenetically distinct genera, Spiroplana (Dothideomycetes) and Spirosphaera (Leotiomycetes), which have spirally coiled, buoyant conidia that resulted in adaptation to water dispersal in terrestrial or aeroaquatic environments (Voglmayr et al. 2011). ...
The familial placement of four genera, Mycodidymella, Petrakia, Pseudodidymella, and Xenostigmina, was taxonomically revised based on morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear rDNA SSU, LSU, tef1, and rpb2 sequences. ITS sequences were also provided as barcode markers. A total of 130 sequences were newly obtained from 28 isolates which are phylogenetically related to Melanommataceae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) and its relatives. Phylogenetic analyses and morphological observation of sexual and asexual morphs led to the conclusion that Melanommataceae should be restricted to its type genus Melanomma, which is characterised by ascomata composed of a well-developed, carbonaceous peridium, and an aposphaeria-like coelomycetous asexual morph. Although Mycodidymella, Petrakia, Pseudodidymella, and Xenostigmina are phylogenetically related to Melanommataceae, these genera are characterised by epiphyllous, lenticular ascomata with well-developed basal stroma in their sexual morphs, and mycopappus-like propagules in their asexual morphs, which are clearly different from those of Melanomma. Pseudodidymellaceae is proposed to accommodate these four genera. Although Mycodidymella and Xenostigmina have been considered synonyms of Petrakia based on sexual morphology, we show that they are distinct genera. Based on morphological observations, these genera in Pseudodidymellaceae are easily distinguished by their synasexual morphs: sigmoid, multi-septate, thin-walled, hyaline conidia (Mycodidymella); globose to ovoid, dictyosporus, thick-walled, brown conidia with cellular appendages (Petrakia); and clavate with a short rostrum, dictyosporus, thick-walled, brown conidia (Xenostigmina). A synasexual morph of Pseudodidymella was not observed. Although Alpinaria was treated as member of Melanommataceae in a previous study, it has hyaline cells at the base of ascomata and pseudopycnidial, confluent conidiomata which is atypical features in Melanommataceae, and is treated as incertae sedis.
... In contrast to aquatic hyphomycetes, the aero-aquatic fungi release their propagules aerially. Therefore, they produce conspicuous airtrapping dispersal units, which can fl ow on the water surface; for example, some spores are helicoid in more than one plane ( Fig. 13.1g, h ) (e.g., Helicoma, Helicoon ) or spiral into a sphere or a net [e.g., Candelabrum , Spirosphaera (Voglmayr 2004(Voglmayr , 2011Voglmayr and Delgado-Rodriguez 2003 ;Voglmayr et al. 2011 )]. The aeroaquatic life strategy was fi rst described by Agathe van Beverwijk ( 1951 ). ...
The biodiversity of fungi in freshwater habitats is very high, and their ecological roles are significant. By estimation, there may be more than 3000 species including ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, chytrids, and fungal-like waterborne oomycetes. They are distributed globally as saprobes, animal pathogens, and even plankton parasites. New species have been reported repeatedly through ecological and taxonomical studies based on morphologies and recently through molecular barcodes utilizing latest sequencing technologies. Herein we review their biology and ecological role in the environment.
Aero-aquatic fungi compose an ecological group of saprophytes inhabiting the submerged decaying substrates in stagnant freshwater environment. They produce three-dimensional shaped, multi-cellular conidia, which float on water surface by holding air between conidial cells. Because the conidia show diverse morphology, genus and species level classification have been based on their features. They are mostly known as asexual morphs of Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Recent phylogenetic study revealed the aero-aquatic fungi appeared mainly in the lineages of Leotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree showed the aero-aquatic fungi have polyphyletic origins and similar three-dimensional conidial morphology generated as a convergent evolution among different lineages of fungi by the selection pressure for inhabiting freshwater environment. Recent studies suggested the ancestors of the aero-aquatic fungi were terrestrial fungi.
Research into freshwater fungi has generated a wealth of information over the past decades with various published articles, i.e., reviews, books, and monographs. With the advancement of
methodologies used in freshwater fungal research, and numerous mycologists working on this ecological group, our knowledge progress and understanding of freshwater fungi, including novel
discoveries and new insights in the ecology of freshwater fungi, has advanced. With this enormous progress, it is timely that an updated account of freshwater fungi be compiled in one volume. Thus, this account is published to give a comprehensive overview of the different facets of freshwater fungal biology. It includes an updated classification scheme based on the latest taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis of freshwater fungal taxa, including their evolutionary history. The biology, diversity, and geographical distribution of higher and basal freshwater fungi are also discussed in the entries. A section on dispersal and adaptation of filamentous freshwater fungi is included in the present work. The ecological importance and role of fungi in the breakdown of wood in freshwater habitats, including their physiology, are discussed in detail. The biotechnological potential of freshwater fungi as producers of bioactive metabolites are reviewed, with methodologies in antimicrobial drug discovery. The present volume also provides an overview of different high throughput sequencing (HTS) platforms for freshwater fungal research highlighting their advantages and challenges, including recent studies of HTS in identification and quantification of fungal communities in freshwater habitats. The present volume also identifies the knowledge gaps and direction of future research in freshwater fungi.
Species of the genus Phaeohelotium (Leotiomycetes: Helotiaceae) are cup fungi that grow on decaying wood, leaves, litter, and directly on soil. Northern Hemisphere species are primarily found on litter and wood, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere the genus includes a mix of saprotrophs as well as taxa that grow on soil in association with ectomycorrhizal trees. The diversity of this genus has not been fully explored in southern South America. Here we describe two species from Chile, Phaeohelotium maiusaurantium sp. nov. and Ph. pallidum sp. nov., found on soil in Patagonian Nothofagaceae-dominated forests. We present macro- and micromorphological descriptions, illustrations, and molecular phylogenetic analyses. The two new species are placed in Phaeohelotium with high support in our 15-locus phylogeny as well as phylogenetic reconstructions based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene. Our ITS phylogeny places both Ph. maiusaurantium and Ph. pallidum in a well-supported subclade that includes ectomycorrhizal root tip samples from Australasia. Similar species can be separated from these new taxa based on morphological characteristics, biogeography, substrate, and sequence data. In addition, two unnamed species from Chilean Nothofagaceae forests (Phaeohelotium sp. 1 and Phaeohelotium sp. 2) are documented from scant collections and sequence data and await description until more material becomes available.
Citation: Grupe II AC, Smith ME, Weier A, Healy R, Caiafa MV, Pfister DH, Haelewaters D, Quandt CA (2022). Two new species of Phaeohelotium (Leotiomycetes: Helotiaceae) from Chile and their putative ectomycorrhizal status. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 10: 231–249. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2022.10.10
This article is the ninth in the series of Fungal Diversity Notes, where 107 taxa distributed in three phyla, nine classes, 31 orders and 57 families are described and illustrated. Taxa described in the present study include 12 new genera, 74 new species, three new combinations, two reference specimens, a re-circumscription of the epitype, and 15 records of sexual-asexual morph connections, new hosts and new geographical distributions. Twelve new genera comprise Brunneofusispora, Brunneomurispora, Liua, Lonicericola, Neoeutypella, Paratrimmatostroma, Parazalerion, Proliferophorum, Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis, Septomelanconiella, Velebitea and Vicosamyces. Seventy-four new species are Agaricus memnonius, A. langensis, Aleurodiscus patagonicus, Amanita flavoalba, A. subtropicana, Amphisphaeria mangrovei, Baorangia major, Bartalinia kunmingensis, Brunneofusispora sinensis, Brunneomurispora lonicerae, Capronia camelliae-yunnanensis, Clavulina thindii, Coniochaeta simbalensis, Conlarium thailandense, Coprinus trigonosporus, Liua muriformis, Cyphellophora filicis, Cytospora ulmicola, Dacrymyces invisibilis, Dictyocheirospora metroxylonis, Distoseptispora thysanolaenae, Emericellopsis koreana, Galiicola baoshanensis, Hygrocybe lucida, Hypoxylon teeravasati, Hyweljonesia indica, Keissleriella caraganae, Lactarius olivaceopallidus, Lactifluus midnapurensis, Lembosia brigadeirensis, Leptosphaeria urticae, Lonicericola hyaloseptispora, Lophiotrema mucilaginosis, Marasmiellus bicoloripes, Marasmius indojasminodorus, Micropeltis phetchaburiensis, Mucor orantomantidis, Murilentithecium lonicerae, Neobambusicola brunnea, Neoeutypella baoshanensis, Neoroussoella heveae, Neosetophoma lonicerae, Ophiobolus malleolus, Parabambusicola thysanolaenae, Paratrimmatostroma kunmingensis, Parazalerion indica, Penicillium dokdoense, Peroneutypa mangrovei, Phaeosphaeria cycadis, Phanerochaete australosanguinea, Plectosphaerella kunmingensis, Plenodomus artemisiae, P. lijiangensis, Proliferophorum thailandicum, Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis kaveriana, Pseudohelicomyces menglunicus, Pseudoplagiostoma mangiferae, Robillarda mangiferae, Roussoella elaeicola, Russula choptae, R. uttarakhandia, Septomelanconiella thailandica, Spencermartinsia acericola, Sphaerellopsis isthmospora, Thozetella lithocarpi, Trechispora echinospora, Tremellochaete atlantica, Trichoderma koreanum, T. pinicola, T. rugulosum, Velebitea chrysotexta, Vicosamyces venturisporus, Wojnowiciella kunmingensis and Zopfiella indica. Three new combinations are Baorangia rufomaculata, Lanmaoa pallidorosea and Wojnowiciella rosicola. The reference specimens of Canalisporium kenyense and Tamsiniella labiosa are designated. The epitype of Sarcopeziza sicula is re-circumscribed based on cyto- and histochemical analyses. The sexual-asexual morph connection of Plenodomus sinensis is reported from ferns and Cirsium for the first time. In addition, the new host records and country records are Amanita altipes, A. melleialba, Amarenomyces dactylidis, Chaetosphaeria panamensis, Coniella vitis, Coprinopsis kubickae, Dothiorella sarmentorum, Leptobacillium leptobactrum var. calidus, Muyocopron lithocarpi, Neoroussoella solani, Periconia cortaderiae, Phragmocamarosporium hederae, Sphaerellopsis paraphysata and Sphaeropsis eucalypticola.
Clathrosporium retortum sp. nov., collected on submerged mixed leaf litter samples at Ilha do Cardoso State Park, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, is described based on morphological and molecular data. The fungus is characterized by forming whitish, dense, subglobose to irregular propagules, hyaline to subhyaline when young, subhyaline to dark brown at maturity, that are formed by densely interwoven conidial filaments with each conidial cell repeatedly branching bilaterally or occasionally unilaterally. Phylogenetic analyses using partial LSU nrDNA sequence data suggest that C. retortum belongs in the Sordariomycetes (Ascomycota) where it forms a well-supported clade with Clohesia corticola in the Sordariomycetidae, but its ordinal or familial placement remains unresolved. Its phylogenetic placement confirms the polyphyletic nature of aeroaquatic fungi like Clathrosporium, as it was distantly related to one available sequence in GenBank named as C. intricatum, the type species, which is phylogenetically related to the Helotiales (Leotiomycetes). However, due to lack of authenticity of the identity of this sequence with the type specimen of C. intricatum, a broad concept of Clathrosporium is tentatively adopted here to accommodate the present fungus instead of introducing a new genus. Beverwykella clathrata, Helicoon septatissimum and Peyronelina glomerulata are recorded for the first time from Brazil. Cancellidium applanatum and Candelabrum brocchiatum are new records for the state of Sao Paulo.
A new genus Curviclavula, with C. anemophila as the type species, is established to accommodate a hyphomycetous anamorph isolated from a culturable air sample collected outdoors in New Mexico, USA. The fungus is morphologically distinct in having 1–5 times dichotomously branched conidiophores and integrated, terminal or intercalary, indeterminate, irregularly sympodial conidiogenous cells with 1–2 flattened, inconspicuous, non-protuberant, and neither thickened nor darkened conidiogenous loci. The conidia are variable in shape, occasionally didymosporous or phragmosporous, but usually minutely cheiroid at first and composed of a subcylindrical to obconical, often inflated, straight or curved basal cell that bears a subglobose lateral cell and a short row of 2–4 cells. The apical cell of the developing conidium curves and fuses with the lateral and adjacent cells once in contact to eventually forming a tightly appressed, subglobose to broadly clavate conidium. Conidial secession is schizolytic, but the conidial basal cells often show minute marginal frills and darkened hila. Phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal large subunit and internal transcribed spacer region also supported Curviclavula as distinct and placed it within the Helotiales (Leotiomycetes, Ascomycota) with strong affinity to the family Hyaloscyphaceae.
