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Rooted cuttings of Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Helleri’, Rhododendron obtusum Planch. ‘Rosebud’, and Juniperus chinensis L. ‘San Jose’ were grown in a 100% pine-bark medium amended with dolomitic limestone at 0 to 8 kg m ⁻³ with resulting pH from 3.4 to 7.2. Except for juniper at 2 kg m ⁻³ , growth was not increased by liming, and 8 kg m ⁻³ tended to redu...
Citations
... The dolomitic limestone rate of 12 lb/yard 3 amended to the 100% peatmoss and 20% perliteamended substrates resulted in maximum RDW; however, the RDWs were significantly different. Decreased RDW of african marigold plants occurred when substrates were amended with the lime rate of 15 lb/ yard 3 and is consistent to previous work (Chrustic and Wright, 1983;Gillman et al., 1998). ...
Processed loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ) wood has been investigated as a component in greenhouse and nursery substrates for many years. Specifically, pine wood chips (PWCs) have been uniquely engineered/processed into a nonfibrous blockular particle size suitable for use as a substrate aggregate. The objective of this research was to compare the dolomitic limestone requirements of plants grown in peat-based substrates amended with perlite or PWC. In a growth trial with ‘Mildred Yellow’ chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × morifolium ), peat-based substrates were amended to contain 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% (by volume) perlite or PWC for a total of 11 substrates. Substrates were amended with dolomitic limestone at rates of 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 lb/yard ³ , for a total of 55 substrate treatments. Results indicate that pH of substrates amended with ≥30% perlite or PWC need to be adjusted to similar rates of 9 to 12 lb/yard ³ dolomitic limestone to produce similar-quality chrysanthemum plants. In a repeated study, ‘Moonsong Deep Orange’ african marigold ( Tagetes erecta ) plants were grown in the same substrates previously formulated (with the exclusion of the 50% ratio) and amended with dolomitic limestone at rates of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 lb/yard ³ , for a total of 54 substrate treatments. Results indicate a similar dolomitic limestone rate of 15 lb/yard ³ is required to adjust substrate pH of 100% peatmoss and peat-based substrates amended with 10% to 40% perlite or PWC aggregates to the recommended pH range for african marigold and to produce visually similar plants. The specific particle shape and surface characteristics of the engineered PWC may not be similar to other wood products (fiber) currently commercialized in the greenhouse industry, therefore the lime requirements and resulting substrate pH may not be similar for those materials.
... USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Growth was maximized at 3.4 to 6.8 lb/yard 3 Chrustic and Wright (1983) 'Andorra Compacta' juniper Juniperus horizontalis 1 pine bark : 1 peatmoss : 1 sand or 2 pine bark : 1 sand 0, 3.5, or 7 ...
... This effect was attributed to the limed containers having more rapid nitrification (biological conversion of NH 4 + to NO 3 -). Nitrification rates are optimum at pH 7 to 8. Others have shown that DL-induced increases in substrate pH cause more rapid nitrification and subsequently lower NH 4 + levels and higher NO 3 levels in container substrates or their leachates (Chrustic and Wright, 1983;Midcap, 1999aMidcap, , 1999bWalden and Wright, 1995). Walden and Epelman (1988) reported increased japanese boxwood (Buxus microphylla var. ...
... Harvey et al. (2004) reported a decrease in foliar N in hakonechloa with increasing DL rate, suggesting that more N was available for plant uptake at lower DL and pH levels. Likewise, Chrustic and Wright (1983) reported that shoot N was higher in 'Helleri' holly (Ilex crenata), 'San Jose' juniper (Juniperus chinensis), and 'Rosebud' azalea (Rhododendron obtusum) at lower DL rates and attributed greater growth of these crops a low lime rates to greater N, phosphorus (P), and K availability. Gillman et al. (1998) reported 'Royal Red' butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii) foliar N was highest in nonlimed controls; however, trends in shoot N with increasing DL rates did not follow a clear pattern. ...
Dolomitic lime (DL) is one of the most commonly used fertilizer amendments in nursery container substrates. It is used to adjust pH of pine bark substrates from their native pH, 4.1 to 5.1, up to about pH 6. However, additions of DL have been shown to be beneficial, inconsequential, or detrimental depending on the crop to which it is applied and irrigation water quality. Carbonate ions from DL cause a rate-dependent change in pH. Dolomitic lime can adjust pH of pine bark up to ≈6.5, after which there is little change regardless of how much additional DL is added. Changes in pH affect the rate of nitrification in pine bark substrates. The rate of nitrification can impact the quality of some plants that are sensitive to ammonium toxicity, as well as affect nitrogen leaching from containers. Changes in pH also affect micronutrient availability in pine bark substrates. Dolomitic lime provides an abundant source of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) for plant uptake. However, the additional Ca and Mg might also suppress potassium uptake in plants. © 2016, American Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.
... Leachate P concentration decreased linearly with increasing DL rate at 1 WAP, but did not respond to DL rate thereafter (Table 3). This agrees with other studies that have shown a decrease in leachate P with increasing DL rate and a concomitant increase in pH (Altland et al. 2008;Chrustic and Wright 1983;Midcap 1999). In contrast, leachate P concentration decreased with increasing SS rate throughout the experiment. ...
... Despite wide-ranging concentrations of leachable P throughout the experiment, there was very little difference in foliar P concentrations, demonstrating the relatively low levels of substrate P needed to support crop growth. In contrast, Chrustic and Wright (1983) reported a signifi cant linear decrease in foliar P of 'Rosebud' azalea (Rhododendron obtusum (Lindl.) Planch.) and Helleri' holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.) with increasing DL rate, from 0 to 8 kg·m -3 ; however, the decreases in foliar P were relatively minor. ...
... Foliar potassium (K) was affected only by amendment rate (Table 2) and decreased linearly with increasing amendment rate. A similar response was observed in 'Sky Rocket' juniper (Juniperus virginiana L.) (Cobb and Zarko 1983), 'Rosebud' azalea, and 'Helleri' holly (Chrustic and Wright, 1983). Foliar K levels by treatment were not refl ective of leachate K concentrations throughout the experiment. ...
Steel slag (SS) is a fertilizer amendment with a high concentration of calcium oxide, and thus capable of raising substrate pH similar to dolomitic lime (DL). Steel slag, however, contains higher concentrations of some nutrients, such as iron, manganese, and silicon, compared to DL. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of SS rate on pH in a substrate composed of 80 pine bark:20 sphagnum peatmoss (v:v), as well as growth and nutrient concentration of butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii ‘Pink Delight’ Franch.). The base substrate was amended with either DL or SS at rates of 0, 0.6, 2.4, 4.8, 9.5, or 14.3 kg·m−3. Substrates were placed into 12-L nursery containers and potted with a single butterfly bush per container. Dolomitic lime amendment resulted in higher substrate pH at rates from 0.6 to 4.8 kg·m−3 while the SS amendment caused a greater increase in pH at rates higher than 4.8 kg·m−3. Butterfly bush responded well to all but the highest SS rate applied. As the rate of SS increased to 14.3 kg·m−3, decreased Mg availability may have reduced shoot growth. Based on the results of this experiment, SS could be used as an alternative to DL. However, incorporation rates would need to be adjusted slightly higher for SS compared to DL to achieve a desired pH in the range of 6 to 6.5.
... Maximum growth of Nephrolepsis exaltata (L.) Schott 'Whitmanii' ('Whitmanii' fern) was achieved with N at 75 mg/liter applied with every irrigation (3 times weekly) (9) Milled pine bark is a common substrate in the southeastern United States nursery industry and pre-plant incorpora-tion of dolomitic limestone (DL) to pine bark is routine. Several studies with herbaceous and woody perennials have reported that plant growth decreased with increasing rate of DL with the best growth occurring when no DL was added (6,15,34,38). In contrast, Buddleia davidii L. 'Royal Red' ('Royal Red' butterfly bush) (12), Juniperus chinensis L. 'San Jose' ('San Jose' juniper) (6), Photinia x fraseri Dress (Fraser photinia) (23), and Juniperus virginiana L. (eastern redcedar) (36) growth was best with lime rates ranging from 2.0 to 4.2 kg/m 3 (3.3 to 7.0 lb/yd 3 ). ...
... Several studies with herbaceous and woody perennials have reported that plant growth decreased with increasing rate of DL with the best growth occurring when no DL was added (6,15,34,38). In contrast, Buddleia davidii L. 'Royal Red' ('Royal Red' butterfly bush) (12), Juniperus chinensis L. 'San Jose' ('San Jose' juniper) (6), Photinia x fraseri Dress (Fraser photinia) (23), and Juniperus virginiana L. (eastern redcedar) (36) growth was best with lime rates ranging from 2.0 to 4.2 kg/m 3 (3.3 to 7.0 lb/yd 3 ). ...
... This is within the range recommended by Wright and Niemiera (1987). While two studies have reported a growth increase when DL is increased from 0 kg/m 3 (0 lb/yd 3 ) to a low rate [1 to 2 kg/m 3 (2 to 4.5 lb/yd 3 )] (6,12), results herein are in contrast to the majority of reports where growth decreased often dramatically with increasing rates of DL (15,37). Thus, it was surprising that growth did not decrease as the rate of DL increased. ...
One-year-old seedlings of Helleborus x hybridus Hort. Ex Vilmorin (Lenten rose) were potted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers filled with a pine bark substrate amended with one of five rates of dolomitic limestone [0, 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, or 5.4 kg/m3 (0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 lb/yd3)]. Substrate pH responded quadratically with increasing rate of dolomitic limestone (DL) producing a range of substrate pH from 4.5 to 6.9. Nitrogen application rates (NARs) ranging from 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/liter were applied with every irrigation. Top dry weight was affected by NAR, DL, and NAR × DL rate interaction. When no DL was added to the substrate, top dry weight increased quadratically with increasing NARs with maximum dry weight occurring with N at 124 mg/liter. However, when the substrate was amended with DL at 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, or 5.4 kg/m3 (3, 6, 9, and 12 lb/yd3) top dry weight increased linearly with increasing NARs with maximum top dry weight of 15 g to 16 g (0.53 oz and 0.56 oz) occurring with N at 160 mg/liter. Contrast analysis comparing DL rates within each NAR revealed DL rates of 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, and 5.4 kg/m3 (3, 6, 9, and 12 lb/yd3) produced greater top growth compared to growth at the DL rate of 0 kg/m3 (0 lb/yd3) at NARs of 40, 80, and 160 mg/liter. Furthermore, when fertilized with N at 40, 80 or 160 mg/liter, top dry weight produced with DL rates of 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, and 5.4 kg/m3 (3, 6, 9, and 12 lb/yd3) did not differ within each NAR. Root dry weight was unaffected by NARs and NAR × DL rate interaction. Rate of DL affected root dry weight with the largest increase in root growth occurring with DL between 0 kg/m3 and 1.4 kg/m3 (0 lb/yd3 and 3 lb/yd3). Root-to-top ratio (RTR) responded quadratically with increasing NAR with the lowest RTR occurring with N at 140 mg/liter. Foliar N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Fe concentrations were unaffected by rate of DL and NAR × DL rate, whereas foliar N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were affected by NARs. Foliar N, P, K, and S concentrations responded quadratically to increasing NARs; foliar Ca and Mg concentrations were linear; and foliar Fe concentration was unaffected by NARs.
... Growth of containerized plants is affected by many factors, including type of fertilizer (12,21,28,29), substrate (3), rate of fertilization (13,14), container type and size (18,26), method and frequency of fertilizer application (10), micronutrients (31), coatings on container walls (1), water re- gime (12,27), supplements to the substrate (2, 17), pH and lime (7,25,31), mycorrhizae (6), interaction of fertilizers and micronutrients (30), source of N (9,16), and temperature and release rates of fertilizer and compost materials (14). Many experiments would be required to reveal the interactions of these factors as they affect growth of a particular species, including baldcypress. ...
Two fertilization experiments were conducted with first-year seedlings of baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.] in containers (substrate = composted pine bark). First, seedlings were subjected to factorial combinations of dolomitic lime, soluble fertilizer (SF), and incorporated controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) (19.0N–2.6P–8.8K; 8- to 9-month release). Lime decreased growth. Incorporated CRF [4.8 kg/m3 (8 lbs/yd3)] yielded more growth than a single weekly application of SF (N = 0.5 g/liter). In the second experiment, most of the potential height growth and total plant dry weight were realized with 2.4 kg/m3 (4 lbs/yd3) and 4.8 kg/m3 (8 lbs/yd3), respectively, of incorporated CRF. At optimal growth, foliar N concentrations were 3.0%.
... 'Hino-Crimson' growth. Chrustic and Wright (1983) reported that growth of Ilex crenata 'Helleri' and Rhododendron obtusum 'Rosebud' in pine bark was not increased by liming, and was inhibited at high rates. Wright and Hinesley (1991) showed that liming improved the growth of Juniperus virginiana L. in a pine bark-sand substrate; micronutrients inhibited growth in the absence of lime, but had no effect in its presence. ...
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of lime and micronutrient amendments on growth of seedlings of nine container-grown landscape tree species in two pine bark substrates with different pHs. Acer palmatum Thunb. (Japanese maple), Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple), Cercis canadensis L. (redbud), Cornus florida L. (flowering dogwood), Cornus kousa Hance. (kousa dogwood), Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. (golden-rain tree), Magnolia × soulangiana Soul.-Bod. `Lennei' (magnolia), Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (blackgum), and Quercus palustris Müenchh. (pin oak) were grown from seed in two pine bark substrates with different pHs (pH 4.7 and 5.1) (Expt. 1). Preplant amendment treatments for each of two pine ( Pinus taeda L.) bark sources were: with and without dolomitic limestone (3.6 kg·m –3 ) and with and without micronutrients (0.9 kg·m –3 ), and with and without micronutrients (0.9 kg·m –3 ), supplied as Micromax. Seedlings were harvested 12 and 19 weeks after seeds were planted, and shoot dry weight and tree height were determined. The same experiment was repeated using two of the nine species from Expt. 1 and pine bark substrates at pH 5.1 and 5.8 (Expt. 2). Seedling shoot dry weight and height were measured 11 weeks after planting. For both experiments, pine bark solutions were extracted using the pour-through method and analyzed for Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Growth of all species in both experiments was greater in micronutrient-amended than in lime-amended bark. In general, adding micronutrients increased nutrient concentrations in the pine bark solution, while adding lime decreased them. Effect of bark type on growth in Expt. 1 was variable; however, in Expt. 2, growth was greater in the low pH bark than in the high pH bark. In general, nutrient concentrations in bark solutions were higher in low pH bark than in high pH bark for both experiments. Under the pH conditions of this experiment, micronutrient additions stimulated growth whereas a lime amendment did not.
... 'Hino-Crimson' growth. Chrustic and Wright (1983) reported that growth of Ilex crenata 'Helleri' and Rhododendron obtusum 'Rosebud' in pine bark was not increased by liming, and was inhibited at high rates. Wright and Hinesley (1991) showed that liming improved the growth of Juniperus virginiana L. in a pine bark-sand substrate; micronutrients inhibited growth in the absence of lime, but had no effect in its presence. ...
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of micronutrient fertilization on seedling growth in pine bark with pH ranging from 4.0 to 5.5. Koelreuteria paniculata (Laxm.) was container-grown from seed in pine bark amended (preplant) with 0, 1.2, 2.4, or 3.6 kg/m ³ dolomitic limestone and 0 or 0.9 kg/m ³ sulfate-based micronutrient fertilizer (Micromax ®). Initial pine bark pH for each lime rate was 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Final pH (week 10) ranged from 4.7 to 6.4. Ca and Mg supply in irrigation water was 10.2 and 4.2 mg·L –1 . Seedlings were harvested 10 weeks after planting, and shoot dry weight and height were determined. Pine bark solution was extracted using the pour-through method at 3, 7, and 10 weeks after planting. Solution pH was measured, and solutions were analyzed for Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Shoot dry weight and height were higher in micronutrient-amended bark than in bark without added micronutrients. Lime (1.2 kg· \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{m}^{-_{3}}\) \end{document} ) increased growth only in the absence of micronutrient additions. In general, adding micronutrients increased pine bark solution Ca, Mg, and micronutrient concentrations. Adding lime increased pine bark solution pH and Mg concentration and either had no effect on or decreased solution Ca and micronutrient concentrations. Regardless of pine bark pH, micronutrient additions resulted in improved growth and adding lime was not necessary.
... The growth and nutrient composition of woody plants (Chrustic and Wright, 1983;Niemiera and Wright, 1986a;Walden and Epelman, 1988), as with plants in general (Barker and Mill, 1980), can be significantly influenced by the ionic form of N in the medium solution. When ammoniacal N is applied to a pine bark medium, the predominant form of N in the medium solution is largely determined by the nitrification rate (Niemiera and Wright, 1987b). ...
... Reduced growth of I. crenata in limed media is consistent with the findings of Chrustic and Wright (1983), who attributed this effect to a lower medium solution NH 4 -N : NO 3 -N ratio resulting from higher nitrification rates at higher medium pH. Several other woody plant species have demonstrated a positive response to NH 4 -N nutrition (Cain, 1952;Colgrove and Roberts, 1956;Greidanus et al., 1972). ...
Rooted cuttings of Ilex crenata Thunb. `Helleri' were grown for 12 weeks in pine bark with two root-zone temperature treatments (unheated or heated to 40C for 6 hours·day –1 ), two rates of limestone addition (0 or 6 kg·m –3 ), and three weekly N application rates (200, 400, or 600 mg·liter –1 as urea ammonium nitrate) in a factorial combination. Decreases in shoot and root dry weights due to root-zone heating (69% and 75%, respectively) or limestone addition (41% and 42%, respectively) were not influenced by N application rate. Effects of root-zone heating on medium solution characteristics, which differed in response to limestone addition, were similar for all N application levels. In unlimed pine bark at 400 mg N/liter, the pH and the NH 4 -N: NO 3 -N ratio were higher in the heated medium (5.5 and 1.15, respectively) than in the unheated medium (3.9 and 0.64, respectively) after 80 days, suggesting that 6 hours of daily exposure to 40C inhibited nitrification. The higher medium solution pH due to root-zone heating resulted in lower medium solution and shoot tissue Mn concentrations.
... Preplant incorporation of dolomitic limestone into con tainer potting medium to provide Ca and Mg and adjust pH is common practice. Researchers have evaluated the effects of dolomitic limestone on growth of ornamentals with results varying from inhibition (2,16,17), stimulation (7,14) or no effect (3) depending upon rate, plant species, water qual ity and medium. Studies have reported that MgO combined with CaC0 3 , and MgS0 4 in combination with CaS0 4 re sulted in greater plant growth compared to plants grown with dolomitic limestone (1,4,II). ...
Fraser photinia, ‘Plumosa Compacta Youngstown’ juniper and ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea were grown in pine bark amended with a factorial combination of five rates (0, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 kg/m3) (0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 lbs/yd3) of olivine, a magnesium ortho silicate containing 27% Mg and four particle sizes of olivine. Calcium carbonate (38% Ca) at 2.4 kg/m3 (4 lbs/yd3) was incorporated into all olivine treatments. A separate treatment utilizing 4.2 kg/m3 (7 lbs/yd3) dolomitic limestone (22% Ca, 11% Mg) was also included to serve as a comparison to dolomitic limestone. In general, Mg concentration in the media increased with increasing olivine rate and decreasing particle size. Media P, K and Ca concentration and pH were not affected by olivine rate or particle size, nor were they significantly different from the treatment containing dolomitic limestone. Foliar Mg increased with increasing olivine rate in all species. Foliar K decreased with increasing olivine rate for ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea and Fraser photinia. Top dry weight of ‘Plumosa Compacta Youngstown’ juniper was not affected by olivine rate or particle size while top dry weight of ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea and Fraser photinia increased quadratically with increasing olivine rate, with the maximum occurring at 0.9 kg/m3 (1.5 lbs/yd3) and 1.8 kg/m3 (3.0 lbs/yd3), respectively. These maximum top dry weights were significantly heavier than plants grown with dolomitic limestone.
... Adding limestone and micronutrients as amendments to nursery container media is a common practice. Occasionally, however, adding limestone to media, such as pine bark, can inhibit the growth of some woody species, e.g., holly, azalea (Chrustic and Wright, 1983), and Fraser fir (Bryan et al., 1989), whereas species such as juniper show improved growth (Chrustic and Wright, 1983). Other work has shown that adding micronutrients to pine bark media is questionable in terms of improving growth (Leda, 1986). ...
... Adding limestone and micronutrients as amendments to nursery container media is a common practice. Occasionally, however, adding limestone to media, such as pine bark, can inhibit the growth of some woody species, e.g., holly, azalea (Chrustic and Wright, 1983), and Fraser fir (Bryan et al., 1989), whereas species such as juniper show improved growth (Chrustic and Wright, 1983). Other work has shown that adding micronutrients to pine bark media is questionable in terms of improving growth (Leda, 1986). ...
Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) seedlings were grown in 1986 through 1988 in pine bark container media with various levels of dolomitic limestone and micronutrients. Supplemental micronutrients reduced shoot growth, especially in the absence of limestone, and root growth was greatest when neither limestone nor micronutrients were added. Including at least 3.0 kg limestone/m ³ in the medium was beneficial, not only as a source of nutrients, but also as a buffer against potentially toxic effects of excess micronutrients.
