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Patient-centric therapy is especially important in pediatrics and may be attained by three-dimensional printing. Filaments containing 30% w/w of theophylline were produced by hot-melt extrusion and printed using fused deposition modelling to produce tablets. Here, preliminary results evaluating the effect of infill geometry (cross, star, grid) on d...
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... evaluate the impact of geometry on dissolution, TAB of different infill geometry (cross, star, and grid, without a top and bottom; Figure 1) were 3D-printed and characterized (Table 1). ...
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... evaluate the impact of geometry on dissolution, TAB of different infill geometry (cross, star, and grid, without a top and bottom; Figure 1) were 3D-printed and characterized (Table 1). TAB dimensions, mass, and drug content were uniform. ...
Context 3
... evaluate the impact of geometry on dissolution, TAB of different infill geometry (cross, star, and grid, without a top and bottom; Figure 1) were 3D-printed and characterized (Table 1). ...
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... In this light, HME is favored for obtaining drug-loaded filaments, which are used as starting materials for the 3D printing of tablets and other dosage forms [50]. The use of HME to produce filaments with defined shapes and properties is crucial for the success of 3D printing in pharmaceutical applications [51]. The continuous and cost-efficient nature of HME makes it an attractive manufacturing process for drug-delivery systems [52]. ...
... ASDs may be defined as a solid dispersion that involves the melting of a solid mixture of API and a suitable vehicle, usually polymers that form eutectic mixtures [51,65]. The polymer or "solvent", interferes with the ordered arrangement of the crystalline API and thereby transforms the mixture into an amorphous solution [51,52,65,66]. ...
... ASDs may be defined as a solid dispersion that involves the melting of a solid mixture of API and a suitable vehicle, usually polymers that form eutectic mixtures [51,65]. The polymer or "solvent", interferes with the ordered arrangement of the crystalline API and thereby transforms the mixture into an amorphous solution [51,52,65,66]. The use of FDM in conjunction with ASDs of APIs with low solubility has shown that 3D-printed tablets derived as such show considerable improvement in the solubility of the API [67]. ...
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing (3DP) is arguably a versatile and more efficient way for the production of solid dosage forms such as tablets. Of the various 3DP technologies currently available, fused deposition modeling (FDM) includes unique characteristics that offer a range of options in the production of various types of tablets. For example, amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), enteric-coated tablets or poly pills can be produced using an appropriate drug/polymer combination during FDM 3DP. The technology offers the possibility of evolving personalized medicines into cost-effective production schemes at pharmacies and hospital dispensaries. In this review, we highlight key FDM features that may be exploited for the production of tablets and improvement of therapy, with emphasis on gastrointestinal delivery. We also highlight current constraints that must be surmounted to visualize the deployment of this technology in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries.
... They conclude although the integration of 3D printed oral medicines into clinical practice is still premature, progress is being made every day and additive manufacturing will soon reach the peak of its enormous potential in the pharmaceutical field. Venâncio, N.; Pereira, G.G.; Pinto, J.F.; Fernandes, A.I. [14] discusses the importance of Patient-centric therapy in pediatrics. Filaments containing 30% w/w of theophylline were produced by hot-meltextrusion and printed using fused deposition modelling to produce tablets. ...
The aim of the paper is to brief out geometry in pharmaceutical systems, i.e., influence of tablet surface area/volume (SA/Vol) on drug release from controlled-release matrix tablets containing hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and describes a situation where the erosion rates of the tablet are different in the radial and axial directions, 3D printing technologies available for the manufacture of modern medicines and so on.
... According to the results of cumulative drug release over 50 h, the highest drug release was observed in grid infill pattern followed by the linear and honeycomb pattern. Venâncio, et al., (2021) explored the effect of 3 infill geometries (cross, star and grid) on drug content and release. It was concluded that the cross geometry had slightly faster and more completed drug release. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of infill patterns on the drug release of 3D-printed tablets and the possibility of tailoring drug release through the use of excipients. Furthermore, the influence of wall thickness was evaluated. Amlodipine was used as a model drug, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a polymer and excipients including sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) HME 4M were used. Four different formulations were prepared. Firstly, the substances were mixed and then extruded by hot melt extrusion to form filaments. The obtained filaments were used to print amlodipine tablets by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printing technique. Each formulation was printed in four different infill patterns: zigzag, cubic, tri-hexagon and concentric, while infill density remained constant (20%). The mechanical properties of the obtained filaments were also evaluated using three-point bend test. Amlodipine tablets were printed with varying wall thickness (1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm) and varying infill patterns. With regard to the infill patterns, higher drug release was achieved with zigzag infill pattern. The simultaneous effect of excipients and infill patterns on amlodipine release has been described and modeled through self - organizing maps (SOMs), which visualize the effect of these variables. Self-organizing maps confirmed the fastest drug release when the zigzag pattern and SSG were used, but also showed that the presence of HPMC HME 4M was not decisive for drug release rate. As for the wall thickness, higher drug release was achieved with decreasing wall thickness. The results indicated that proper selection of excipients and/or adjusting the infill pattern and wall thickness are ways of tailoring drug release in FDM 3D printing. This study draws the attention to the importance of adjusting the settings of the printer and the usage of excipients to produce release-tailored medications.
Despite being an effective therapy for menopausal symptoms, the use of oral estrogen is associated with low bioavailability and serious adverse effects of venous thromboembolism. Individualized therapy has been recommended to maximize benefits and curb the adverse effects, but much has not been done in developing formulations that offer flexibility to personalize therapy. In the present study, we employed an innovative 3D printing technology to design and develop bi-layered estradiol film with different infill patterns with an aim of improving bioavailability and facilitating personalized treatment. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC-H) based formulation exhibited suitable rheological properties and was used as a feedstock to fabricate estradiol films with different infill patterns namely honeycomb, rectangular and plain. The back layer was prepared from a hydroxyethyl cellulose-based formulation. The resulting films were subsequently characterized in terms of their physicochemical, mechanical, environmental impact, and release characteristics among others. Films with a plain infill pattern exhibited significantly higher % elongation break and tensile strength. The in vitro drug release study revealed the fastest drug release profile for rectangular infill (96 % within 4 hours) and the slowest drug release was observed for the plain infill pattern (∼35% within 4 hours), highlighting the effect of the infill pattern on release kinetics. Films with honeycomb infill patterns were selected for further characterization based on mechanical and in vitro release properties. No interaction between components of the formulation was observed and the absence of crystallinity in the final product was confirmed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray Powder Diffraction analyses (XRD). The force of adhesiveness for the film was 0.13 ± 0.03 N. The predicted AUC 0–4 h, Cmax, and Tmax were 144.85 ng·h/mL, 65.97 ng/mL, and 0.83 h for a film (honeycomb infill pattern) loaded with 1 mg of estradiol. The printing process of films with honeycomb and rectangular infill patterns was evaluated as “green” using the index of Greenness Assessment of Printed Pharmaceuticals (iGAPP) tool. Our finding demonstrates the development of bi-layered estradiol film using Pressure assisted microsyringe (PAM) 3D printing and the influence of infill patterns on release kinetics and mechanical properties. The fabricated film not only facilitates the move towards personalized medicine but could also improve the bioavailability of the drugs by bypassing the hepatic first-pass metabolism and decreasing wash-out by the saliva.
The 3D printing has become important in drug development for patient-centric therapy by combining multiple drugs with different release characteristics in a single polypill. This study explores the critical formulation and geometric variables for tailoring the release of Atorvastatin and Metoprolol as model drugs in a polypill when manufactured via pressure-assisted-microextrusion 3D printing technology. The effects of these variables on the extrudability of printing materials, drug release and other quality characteristics of polypills were studied employing a definitive screening design. The extrudability of printing materials was evaluated in terms of flow pressure, non-recoverable strain, compression rate, and elastic/plastic flow. The extrudability results helped in defining an operating space free of printing defects. The Atorvastatin compartment of polypill consisted of mesh-shaped layers while Metoprolol compartment consisted of a core surrounded by a release controlling shell with a hydrophobic septum between the two compartments.
The results indicated that both the formulation and geometric variables govern the drug release of the polypill. Specifically, the use of HPMC E3 matrix, and a 2 mm distance between the strands at a weaving angle of 90° were critical in achieving the desired immediate-release profile of Atorvastatin. The core and shell design primarily determined the desired extended-release profile of Metoprolol. The carbopol and HPMC K100 concentration of 1% in the core and 10% in the shell and the number of shell layers in Metoprolol compartment were critical for achieving the desired Metoprolol dissolution. Polymer and Metoprolol content of the shell and shell-thickness affected the mechanical strength of the polypills. In conclusion, the 3D printing provides the flexibility for independently tailoring the release of different drugs in the same dosage form for patient centric therapy, and both the formulation and geometric parameters need to be optimized to achieve desired drug release.
