Table 3 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Notwithstanding significant advancement in the understanding of pathogenesis and management, diarrheal illnesses remain one of the principal causes of global childhood mortality and morbidity. Infections account for most illnesses, with pathogens employing ingenious mechanisms to establish disease. In 2002, an interdisciplinary program "Populations...
Context in source publication
Similar publications
Background:
An aging population poses significant challenges to health care in China. Health management has been implemented to reduce the costs of care, raise health service utilization, increase health knowledge and improve quality of life. Several studies have tried to verify the effectiveness of health management in achieving these goals world...
Software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop testing of failure prognostics and decision making tools for aircraft sys- tems will facilitate more comprehensive and cost-effective testing than what is practical to conduct with flight tests. A framework is described for the offline recreation of dynamic loads on simulated or physical aircraft powert...
Citations
... Different parasitic causes of diarrhea among under-five-years of children identified in this study were also reported by several studies conducted elsewhere [15,16]. The prevalence of IPIs found in this study was consistent with that reported from Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia (26.6%) [3] and lower than that reported from Addis Ababa (27.5%) [16], Yirgalem, Southern Ethiopia (49.56%) [17], Bale, Eastern Ethiopia (38.5%) [18] and other countries such as Nigeria (23.3%) [19] Bangladesh (70%) [20], Cameroon (59.2%) [21], India (46.5%) [22], and Gabon (61%) [23]. On the other hand, the overall prevalence of IPIs found in this study was higher than findings from North Shewa, Ethiopia (17.4%) [12], Debre-Birhan, Northern Ethiopia (9.8%) [24], Dessie, Northern Ethiopia (15.5%) [25], Mozambique (14.5%), ...
Introduction
globally, an estimated two billion cases of diarrhea occur every year, and an estimated 1.7 million children under the age of five years, mostly in developing countries die due to diarrheal cases. It is caused by different enteropathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Diarrhea caused by parasitic etiology is common in under-five-year children in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective was to investigate the parasitic etiology of diarrhea among under-five-year children in Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia.
Methods
institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2021. A total of 300 under-five-year children presenting with diarrhea in Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital were included in the study. Data used to assess associated factors for intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) was collected using a structured questionnaire. Stool specimens were collected from the study participants for investigations of the parasitic etiology of diarrhea. The specimens were processed microscopically using direct wet mount and formol ether concentration techniques. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining of formol-ether concentrated specimens was also performed. Data was entered using Epi-Data version 4.6.0 and analyzed using Stata/SE version 14.0. Crude odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio were used to determine the association.
Results
from a total of 300 children who participated in this study, 68 (22.67%) were positive for at least one intestinal parasite. E. histolytica23(7.67%) and G. lamblia17(5.67%) were the predominant parasitic etiologies and 28(9.33%) were positive for intestinal helminthic parasites; 11(3.67%) Ascaris lumbricoides, 10(3.33%) Trichuris trichiura, 4(1.33%) Hymenolepsis nana, and 3(1%) were double infection with Trichuris trichuria and Ascaris lumbricoides. Multivariable analysis revealed the age group category 2-3 years of age children was more attributable to intestinal parasitic infections (AOR= 0.466, 95% CI: 0.204-0.976).
Conclusion
the overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) in this study was 22.67%. Diarrheal etiology of intestinal parasites among under five years of children identified in this study were significantly associated with maternal/ guardians´ educational status, (AOR=94.900, 95% CI: 24.664-365.155) use of unprotected water for drinking, (AOR =25.189, 95% CI: 4.671-135.847).
... Diarrheal diseases are the second leading cause of death in the world [3], despite a 4% annual decrease in mortality rate [4,5], they still constitute 12% of the 3.6 million deaths in children under 5 years of age [6]. In Cameroon, the prevalence of diarrheal diseases is 19.7% in rural areas of Cameroon [7,8] and they are responsible for 14.4% of deaths in children under 5 years of age [9]. Most of the diarrhoeal cases are due to bacterial enteropathogens, diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli being the most common cause in developing countries [10]. ...
Mallotus oppositifolium. Müll. Arg (Euphorbiaceae) is commonly used in the Center Region of Cameroon against diarrheal syndromes and joint pains. In order to provide a scientific basis for its use in the traditional treatment of diarrhea, we proposed to evaluate the effects of aqueous extracts of the leaves of this plant on the characteristic patterns of diarrhea. The ethnopharmacological approach was carried out in Gouifé village in Bafia (Cameroon) by observing traditional therapeutic practices and by the interview of 5 traditional therapists and 11 of their patients about the traditional treatment of diarrheal syndromes. The leaf extracts of M. oppositifolium was extracted by decoction and the product at the doses of 31.25, 62.50 and 125 mg/kg body weight was tested in vivo on castor oil-induced secretory and motor diarrhea in rats, using standard antidirrhea techniques. The diarrhea was induced in the rats using standard inducing procedure. The decoction leave extract were found to act against castor oil-induced secretory diarrhoea in rats as it increased significantly the time to onset of diarrhoeal stools in a dose-dependent manner at all the doses investigated (p < 0.01) compared to animals who received distilled water. The mass and volume of intestinal contents, compared with Loperamide (36.80%) and distilled water 52.50% (p < 0.05), decreased significantly by 9.70% and 32. 60% at 32.25 mg/kg, 38.80% (p < 0.01) and 49.80% (0.05) at 62.5 mg/kg and 28.90% (p < 0.05) and 37.30% at 125 mg/kg, respectively. The decoction extract was also active against motile diarrhea as it increased significantly the time to onset of charcoal-stained diarrheal stools. Compared to distilled water (70 min), 80 min (p < 0.05), 118 min (p < 0.01) and 207 min (p < 0.01) for the extract doses of 32.25, 62.50 and 125 mg/kg animal weight respectively. The mass and the frequency of the stool output were reduced significantly by all the doses of the extract used in this study. This extract slowed fecal progression by 81.80%, 76% (p < 0.05) and 72% (p < 0.01) at 32.25, 62.5 and 125 mg/kg respectively. A chemical fractionation by separation and purification using various chromatographic methods (column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, "flash" Chromatography on silica gel G60…) of M. oppositifolium leaves extract with dichloro methane/ methanol revealed the presence of metabolites such as sterols, quercetin, diosmetin, quercitrin. Some of these components have known antidiarrheal properties that would justify the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of diarrhea.
... Several gastrointestinal pathogens could become more susceptible as a result of intestinal parasite infections [19]. The incidence of IPs discovered in this survey is less than the incidence detected in other investigations from Ethiopia's Jimma (65.8%) and Gondar (52.3%), as well as other nations like Cameroon (59.2%) and India (46.5%) [20,21]. However, the total incidence of IPs discovered in this study is marginally greater than those discovered in Ethiopia Additionally, because just one wet preparation method was utilised to identify the parasites, the number of kids afflicted with parasitic helminths in this research may have been understated. ...
In developing nations, such as Iraq, diarrhea is the main cause of sickness and mortalities in children under the age of five, Diarrhea is the augmentation of water content in stools because of an imbalance in the normal functioning of physiologic processes of the small and large intestine responsible for the absorption of various ions, other substrates, and consequently water. The most common cause of diarrhea is eating foods that upset the digestive system ,allergies and intolerances to certain foods (Celiac disease), malabsorption of food (poor absorption). Numerous infections, such as viruses, bacterium, and parasites, are responsible for its development. The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency of intestinal parasite (IP) infections, kinds and it physiological effects on children under the age of five who had diarrheal diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional research study was carried out in Baghdad, Iraq (al mahmoudia and other Hospitals), between September 2021 and January 2023. The analysis comprised youngsters under the age of nine who attended healthcare facilities during the observation period and had diarrhea. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect demographic information and risk factors for intestinal parasite infections (IPIs). As per usual practices, single, fresh stool samples were used to check for IPs utilizing the direct wet mount investigation and Ziehl-Neelsen staining of formyl-ether concentrated specimens. SPSS software for Statistics version 20 was used to analyze the data. Results: 150 kids in all—32.67% boys and 67.3 girls participated in the investigation. In total, there were 41/150 IPs, or 27.3% of the population. In six youngsters (4%) there were two species of IPs found. Giardia lamblia was the parasite that was discovered the most frequently (8%), followed by Enterobius vermicularis (6.7%). After adjusting for other factors, the multivariable findings suggest that ≥age 24 months was a factor in IPIs (AOR=0.332, 95%CI: 0.094-0.465). Conclusion: This research discovered that children with diarrheal illnesses frequently had intestinal parasites. The Giardia lamblia genotype was the one that was found most commonly. Parents of young children ought to get health advice on how to avoid diarrheal infections generally and IPIs particularly.
... In the environment, these organisms are found in the form of cysts oocysts and sporocysts, which disseminate them and allow them to withstand different environmental stresses (Petithory et al., 1998). Parasitic protozoa are responsible for waterborne and often diarrheal parasites (Yongsi et al., 2008), such as amoebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, sarcocystosis. These parasites contribute significantly to morbidity in developing countries where faecal and water hygiene is precarious (Senn et al., 2010), especially Coccidia like Sarcocystis which are frequent in immunodepressants and could be lethal to them. ...
In order to evaluate the biodiversity of the forms of dissemination of Sarcocystis in the aquatic medium in Yaounde, a study was carried out from January to June 2016. To do so, monthly samplings wer carried out in several points of the Mfoundi stream and in eight marshy areas (Obili, Melen, Mvog-Betsi, Etoug-Ebé, Mokolo Elobie, Tsinga, Ekounou and Nsimeyong). The physico-chemical analyses were done following standard methods and revealed waters with high temperatures (26.61±0.96 ± 0.08 UC), low oxygenation (21.19 ±4, 52%), average mineralization (566.16 ± 182.31µs/cm), rich in suspended matter (23.37 ±06.52 mg/L) and organic matter. On the other hand, biological analyses were made by the observations of oocysts and sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. using the Olympus brand inverted microscope at the 40x objectives. These observations followed the concentration and coloration of the organisms in the water samples following the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. The results show the presence of 99 oocytsts and sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. in the Mfoundi stream and 1753 oocysts and sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. in the marshy areas. Overall, the highest oocysts and sporocyst densities were recorded during the long dry season in the Mfoundi stream and during the short rainy season in the marshy areas. The abundance dynamics of these enteropathogens are significantly and positively correlated with suspended electric conductivity and organic matter (p <0.05). This contamination of water by enteropathogenic protozoa compromises their use as it would constitute a health risk for the populations using these points.
... 1 Diarrheal is a gastrointestinal infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms including E. coli, Rotavirus, Salmonella spp., Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, and Shigella. 2 The time between birth and age 5 of a child's life represents a sensitive period for development. The developmental construct of the physical health and wellbeing of a U-5 (Under 5) includes physical readiness for the school day, physical liberation, and gross and fine motor skills. ...
Background: Globally 1.339 billion U-5s and 79 thousand neonates aged 0-27 days were estimated to be dead due to diarrhoea. India, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Ethiopia accounts for more than half of the deaths caused by diarrhoea. Our objectives are to understand the knowledge and practices of WASH, preventive and treatment measures of diarrheal diseases, the feeding practices and hygiene among the mothers in the rural village of Wardha district. Methods: This is a mixed method study with study participants including 72 families randomly selected along with the front-line workers. the descriptive analysis was carried out with the help of R software and other online statistical software. Results: 90.6 % had their source of water away from a contaminated place such as open drains, manure pits, solid waste disposal areas etc. Though 96.9% had toilets in their household only 93.8% actually used it. All of them washed their hands with soap after using the restroom. Mixed responses were obtained when people were asked about the line of action in case, they suffer from any of the acute diarrhoeal diseases. 90% of them prefer ORS during such times and the source of availing had mixed responses. Conclusions: An interventional study for the same can be carried out. Regular follow ups might assist in keeping the public free from such communicable discomforts.
... The major factor in morbidity and mortality as a result of diarrhoea is caused by enteric infections by pathogenic microorganisms which includes Rotavirus, E. coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter, Vibrio cholerae, and Shigella. Diarrhoea may occur as a result of other diseases such as intestinal inflammation, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), HIV/AIDS and ulcerative colitis (Vitali et al., 2006;Yongsi, 2008; Baldi and Grego-*Corresponding author: +234803827999 Email address: maryamahmed566@gmail.com DOI: 10.53704/fujnas.v11i2.413 rio, 2009). ...
Diarrhoeal illness remains a key global health problem causing 15% of deaths among children under five years of age. This study evaluated the antidiarrhoeal activity of Terminalia catappa aqueous stem bark extract on albino rats. Antidiarrhoeal activity of T. catappa was assessed by measuring the stool inhibition, gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling. Thirty (30) albino rats were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each, where groups I and II remained the normal and negative control groups respectively; group III was treated with standard drug, groups IV, V and VI were treated with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg b. wt. of aqueous stem bark extract of T. catappa, respectively. Percentage stool inhibition of treated groups was significantly greater than that of the negative control. However, group II treated with standard drug (loperamide) showed higher percentage inhibition. The volume of intestinal fluid decreased with increase in dose of the extract. The volume of intestinal fluid of the group treated with standard drug significantly decreased when compared to group treated with extract. Distance travelled by the charcoal significantly decreased at higher dose of extract. Aqueous stem bark extract of T. catappa has a dose-dependent antidiarrhoeal activity.
Keywords: Stool inhibition, diarrhoea, enteropooling, gastrointestinal motility, Terminalia catappa
... In Malawi, 85% of children with diarrhoea were reported to be infected with Campylobacter jejuni [16], in contrast to studies from Tanzania (9.7%) [8,17], and Kenya (23%) [18]. Previous studies in Nigeria and Cameroon have reported a 19% and 9.6% Campylobacter infection rate [19,20]. In Ghana, studies with non HIV patients have revealed 17.3% infection rate with high resistance to erythromycin (92.3%) and βeta-lactams (100%) [21]. ...
... The relative concentrations of Shigella dysentariae in this current study is in agreement with the findings reported by Rasel et al. [27], who isolated Shigella species from surface water. Similarly, a study conducted in Yaounde by Yongsi [28] observed that Shigella dysentariae had 0.24%oCcurrence from variety of drinking water. The presence of Shigella dysentariae in household well water could be due to poor sanitation and contamination with faecal material. ...
Aims: TheoCcurrence and antibiotic resistance patterns of enteric bacteria isolated from well water sources and their physicochemical profile was ascertained in this study. Molecular analysis of the bacterial isolates from well water samples was conducted via polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based identification. Study Design: Experimental design. Methodology: A total of 12 wells were collected in triplicates from groundwater sources (wells), and mean values were obtained. The first batch of samples were collected during the dry season in January and February, 2020. The second batch of samples were collected during the rainy season in July 2020. The detection of coliforms and other enteric bacteria were conducted via the most probable number (MPN) method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based identification and characterization of bacterial isolates were employed. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. The determination of the physicochemical properties of the well water samples were conducted following customary protocol. Results: Well water sample 7 had the highest count at 250 bacterial counts/100ml in the dry season and 200 bacterial counts/100ml in the rainy season, while well water sample 4, 10, and 11 had 14 bacterial counts/100ml in dry season, well water sample 2 had 140 bacterial counts/100ml in the dry season and 250 bacterial counts/100ml in the rainy season, whilst sample 11 had 7 bacterial counts/100ml in the rainy season. Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysentariae were the Gram-negative organisms enumerated and molecularly-identified as Klebsiella pnuemoniae subsp. Pnuemoniae HS11286, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar typhimurium and Shigella dysentariae HNCMB 20080 from the well water samples with percentage identity of 97.19%, 87.44%, 80.45% and 96.19% respectively. Klebsiella pnuemoniae showed high resistant rate in augmentin at 67% in dry season and 100% in the rainy season. Shigella dysentariae showed 8.3% resistance to augmentin in the dry season and 75% in the rainy season. E. coli showed 67% and 58% resistance in the dry and rainy season respectively. Water hardness had the highest mean of 98.5 and 99.5 mg/L in dry and rainy season respectively while turbidity, and alkalinity had the least mean value at 1.2 (NTU) and 0.62 mg/L, 1.4 (NTU) and 0.7mg/L in both dry and rainy seasons. Conclusion: Findings provided information on the poor quality of the well water, which will be useful in groundwater treatment strategies and policy formulation by appropriate groundwater source protection bodies.
... Skin infections, eye irritation and nose irritation were cited as minor occurrences. This finding corroborate other studies that demonstrate a direct link between health effects and location of dumpsites, thus dumpsites pose significant health risks to the environment and people living close by Yongsi, [38][39][40]. Kalundu dumpsite is not fenced, waste dumping is indiscriminate and there is no control of who or what entered into it or came out of it. This creates a conducive environment that poses major health risks as reported by the respondents and corroborated by the findings of another study [41]. ...
Aims: Urban centers of developing countries are growing at very rapid rates. This has been accompanied by increased use of resources and enormous waste generation. The generated waste is dumped in the outskirts of the urban where they can have negative impacts on the environment and surrounding human settlements. This study therefore aims to assess the perceived health risks of Kalundu dumpsite in Kitui Town, Kitui County of Kenya. Study Design: A survey design was used to collect data from people living within 500 meter radius of Kalundu dumpsite. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out between January 2020 and December 2020 in Kitui Town of Kitui County, Kenya. Methodology: A Semi - structured questionnaire was administered to 78 respondents to collect data on perceived health risks they associate with the presence of Kalundu dumpsite in their locality. The collected data was coded and then analyzed. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to test the link between respondent characteristics and perceived health risks. Results: 83.3% of respondents perceived the presence of the dumpsite in their vicinity as a health hazard that they attributed to cause diseases (Malaria, chest pain; diarrhea, and cholera) and other negative environmental effects (smoke, odour, and habitat for disease vectors and pathogens). Children under the age of 5 years were the most vulnerable. Conclusion: There is a perceived link between waste deposited onto Kalundu dumpsite and human and environmental health of the surrounding community.
... Diarrhea is the leading cause of malnutrition in children under the age of five, leading to higher morbidity and mortality (Ghosh et al., 2021;Nguendo-Yongsi, 2008). The main cause of diarrhea is unhygienic food preparation, feeding method, sanitation, and stool disposal management (Kim et al., 2019). ...
Malnutrition is a common public health condition among children under five years of age. Nearly half of the global childrens' deaths are attributable to undernutrition. In 2020, 149 million children were stunted (low height-forage), 45 million were wasted (low height-forage), and 38.9 million were overweight and obese (weight-for-height) as per global report of World Helath Organization. This critical review aims to effectively address the problem of malnutrition in children under five year by determining its risk factors in India. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, and a manual review of the reference list after selected studies were done to identify relevant published articles. The search was conducted from 01-01-2012 to 20-01-2021. The 28 potential studies have been identified that fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The findings indicate that maternal and paternal education, maternal BMI, breastfeeding and caring practices, socioeconomic status, household air pollution, residence location, water and sanitation facilities, birth order, birth weight less than 2500 gram, and sex of the child are a few of the vital determinants of child malnutrition. In conclusion, there is a need to receive a multiple of startergies for state and area level with a thought of community-based approach that straightforwardly targets the prompt, basic, and fundamental determinants of child undernutrition.
