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The use of natural products isolated from mushrooms, included inedible species, against infection, cancer diseases and other oxidative-stress related diseases is one of the cornerstones of modern medicine. In the present work, the antioxidant molecule profiles of inedible mushroom species were evaluated and compared with those of edible species. Th...
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... and trehalose were the main sugars in the studied species (Table 1). The highest levels of total sugars (50 g/100 g dw) and trehalose (41 g/100 g dw) were found in Lentinus tigrinus, and its individual sugar profile can be observed in Figure 1. The species where fructose was found are all mycorrhizal, which is in agreement with our previous results [11]. ...
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... than 3000 mushrooms are said to be ‘prime edible species’, of which only some 100 are cultivated commercially, and only ten of those on an industrial scale. Their global economic value is nevertheless now staggering, and a prime reason for the rise in consumption is a combination of their value as a food as well as their medicinal and nutraceutical ( i.e. , dietary supplement) values [1]. This number increases dramatically if inedible species are considered. A lot of inedible mushrooms show bitter and pungent taste, and especially those belonging to the Polyporaceae have been used as medicinal drugs in China from ancient times [2]. Even edible species of potent medicinal mushrooms such as Ganoderma lucidum , Trametes versicolor and Inonotus obliquus are very bitter and/or hard to eat and are thus used in the form of an extract, tea or powder [3,4]. The use of natural products isolated from mushrooms against infectious and neoplastic diseases is one of the cornerstones of modern medicine. Bioactive molecules have been isolated not only from edible (e.g., Ganoderma applanatum and Agaricus spp.) but also from inedible species such as the ones belonging to the Scutigeraceae, Polyporaceae, Xylariaceae, Thelephoraceae and Paxillaceae families [2]. Mushrooms’ reported bioactivities include antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-tumor, cytostatic, immunosuppressive, antiallergic, antiatherogenic hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities [5,6]. The most widely distributed molecules with antitumor properties in mushrooms are sesquiterpenes, triterpenoids, glucans and glycoproteins [7]. Other important molecules are those with antioxidant properties as they can help the endogenous defence system against oxidative stress caused by the excess of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). The non-controlled production of those species has been related to more than one hundred diseases, including several kinds of cancer, diabetes, cirrhoses, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, as also to the aging process [8]. Wild mushrooms contain different antioxidants such as phenolic compounds, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids which could be extracted for the purpose of being used as functional ingredients namely against chronic diseases related to oxidative stress [9]. In the present work, we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant molecule profiles of inedible (non-palatable) mushroom species and to compare them with edible species that we have extensively studied [10-12]. The biomolecules with energetic value found in the studied wild mushrooms are shown in Tables 1–4. Sugars are very important in cellular energetic metabolism contributing to the support and expansion of mushrooms fruiting bodies [12]. Mannitol and trehalose were the main sugars in the studied species (Table 1). The highest levels of total sugars (50 g/100 g dw) and trehalose (41 g/100 g dw) were found in Lentinus tigrinus , and its individual sugar profile can be observed in Figure 1. The species where fructose was found are all mycorrhizal, which is in agreement with our previous results ...
Citations
... In comparison to this study, high phenol content (278-313 mg GAE g −1 ) was found in 70% and pure ethanol extracts of F. pinicola from Belgrad Forest, Istanbul, and 70% ethanol extract of F. pinicola (264 mg GAE g −1 ) from Czech forests [20,21]. Reis et al. revealed the highest phenolics content (388 mgGAE g −1 ) in F. pinicola methanol extract among ten wild mushroom species collected in Bragança (Northeast Portugal) [22]. Janjusevic et al. reported 71.55 mg and 64.76 mg respectively [23]. ...
... Reis et al. reported 1.08 mg g −1 of vitamin C in methanol extract of F. pinicola collected in Bragança (Northeast Portugal. It was almost 50% lower than the vitamin C content measured in our study for the F. pinicola extract, Table 1 [22]. Moreover, the vitamin C content of investigated polypore extracts was higher than its content in some fruits e.g., apples, pears, and plums 3-5 mg 100 g −1 [26]. ...
... In the F. pinicola extract β-carotene and lycopene were found to be at the highest concentrations among the tested extracts (541.5 µg g −1 and 265.7 µg g −1 , Table 1. Reis et al. reported a significantly lower concentration of β-carotene (22 µg g −1 ) in the methanol extract of F. pinicola, while lycopene was not detected [22]. ...
Growing mushrooms means meeting challenges while aiming for sustainability and circularity. Wherever the producer is located, commercial strains are the same originating from several producers. Customized strains adapted to local conditions are urgently needed. Before introducing new species to the strain development pipeline, the chemical characterization and biological activity of wild ones need to be assessed. Accordingly, the mycoceutical potential of five polypore mushroom species from Serbia was evaluated including: secondary metabolite composition, oxidative damage prevention, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The phenolic pattern was comparable in all samples, but the amounts of specific chemicals varied. Hydroxybenzoic acids were the primary components. All samples had varying quantities of ascorbic acid, carotene, and lycopene, and showed a pronounced inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LPx) and ability to scavenge HO •. Extracts were more potent tyrosinase inhibitors but unsuccessful when faced with ACE. Fomitopsis pinicola had the strongest anti-tumor efficacy while Ganoderma lucidum demonstrated strong selectivity in anti-tumor effect in comparison to normal cells. The evaluated species provided a solid foundation for commercial development while keeping local ecology in mind.
... The results varied between 9.62 (Pluteus murinus) and 387.70 (F. pinicola) mg GAE g −1 of extract [52], while Dimitrijević et al. [53] reported values ranging between 41.90 (Lactifluus volemus) and 243.60 (Butyriboletus regius) using a methanol ultrasonic bath (25 • C; 15 min). These results are comparable to the ones obtained in the present study, although the solvents used were not the same, the temperatures used (25-35 • C) are considered safe extraction temperatures for polyphenols according to some authors [43]. ...
Lentinula edodes, commonly known as shiitake mushroom, is renowned for its potential health advantages. This research delves into the often-overlooked by-product of shiitake cultivation, namely spent mushroom substrate (SMS), to explore its nutraceutical properties. The SMS samples were collected and subjected to different extraction methods, namely short or long agitation, and ultrasound-assisted extractions using different temperatures and distilled water or a 50% (v/v) ethanol as solvents. The extracts were tested for phenolic content (total phenols, ortho-diphenols, and flavonoids), antioxidant capacity (DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl; ABTS, 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; and FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power), and antibacterial activity. The different extraction methods revealed substantial variations (p < 0.05) in phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity. The highest phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were achieved using 24 h extraction, agitation, 50 °C, and ethanol as the solvent. Furthermore, the extracted compounds displayed antibacterial activity in specific tested bacterial strains. This study highlights the nutraceutical potential of L. edodes’ SMS, positioning it as a valuable dietary supplement for animal nutrition, with emphasis on its prebiotic properties. Hence, this research unveils the promising health benefits of SMS in both human and animal nutrition.
... Total flavonoids in leaf samples were determined by Reis et al. method (Reis et al., 2011). For extraction, one gram dried sample was mixed with 10 ml of methanol and shaked on water bath for 12 hrs at 37°C. ...
Plant viruses and their impact on biochemical compounds of plant
... The polysaccharides in these compounds could be employed in the diets of diabetic patients and show immunosuppressive action (Huijuan et al. 1994). Some of the lipids and fatty acids from them also have antioxidant, anticancer, immunosuppressive, and anti-inflammatory properties (Reis et al. 2011). Finally, the enzymes have roles in the pollution control, detergent, textile and paper, food, and cosmetic industries (Casieri et al. 2010;Gupta et al. 2003). ...
The alkaline calcareous nature, high pH, salinity, heavy metals pollution, and low organic matter content of soils in many parts of the world have diminished the soil fertility and made essential
nutrients unavailable to crops. To cope with the poor availability of soil nutrients, improve soil health, and feed the fast-growing global population, the farming community is using millions of tons
of expensive chemical fertilizers in their fields to maintain an adequate level of nutrients for crop sustainability as well as to ensure food security. In this scenario, the exploitation of biofertilizers has become of paramount importance in the agricultural sector for their potential role in food safety
and sustainable crop production. Bearing in mind the key importance of biofertilizers, this book examines the role of biofertilizers in sustainable management of soil and plant health under different conditions of the changing climate. Finally, it provides a platform for scientists and academicians all
over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues, developments, and limitations in biofertilizers, crops, and beneficial microbes.
... Fomitopsis pinicola (Swartz.: Fr) Karst (FPK) is a wood-decay fungus and a common medicinal fungus widely distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere (16). Previous studies have reported that FPK extracts have multiple biological effects, such as anti-cancer (17), antibacteria (18), anti-oxidation (19), anti-hypoglycemic (20) and anti-inflammation effects (21). ...
... It has often been used to treat wind-cold dampness, joint pain, and hyperglycemia (16). In recent years, many molecular biology studies have shown that the FPK extract has many other biological effects (17,19,21). Among them, the antiinflammatory effect of the FPK extract has attracted widespread attention (21,24). ...
Background:
As an intestinal non-specific inflammatory lesion, ulcerative colitis (UC) affects the health of many individuals. This study examined the possible beneficial effects of the chloroform extract of Fomitopsis pinicola (Swartz.: Fr) Karst (FPKc) on UC.
Methods:
The mice were given free access to drink with 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 1 week to establish acute UC model. Next, 35 mg of FPKc or sulfasalazine (SASP) was given to the mice via gavage for 3 weeks. The disease activity index (DAI) and colonic mucosa damage index (CMDI) scores were calculated. The colon tissues of the mice were collected to measure the length and perform hematoxylin and eosin staining. The thymus and spleen indexes were determined. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the serum were determined.
Results:
FPKc or SASP treatment alleviated hematochezia and weight loss, ameliorated DAI and CMDI scores, and improved the crypt structure and length of the colon tissues. Relative to the UC model group, the spleen index in the FPKc group was reduced, which was accompanied by decreases of the IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the serum. FPKc also lowered the AST and ALT levels in the serum of the UC mice.
Conclusions:
FPKc protected the mice from DSS-induced UC injury. It may be that FPKc activates immune regulation and downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
... They act as singlet oxygen quenchers, enzyme inhibitors and metal-chelating agents [29,30]. The source of antioxidants in the Piptoporus betulinus extract are phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and lycopene [28,[31][32][33]. ...
Piptoporus betulinus is a fungus known for its medicinal properties. It possesses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activity. In this study, several tests were performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of Piptoporus betulinus on two melanoma human cell lines, WM115 primary and A375 metastatic cell lines, as well as Hs27 human skin fibroblasts. The extract proved to affect cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, and at the same time showed a low cytotoxicity towards the normal cells. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined spectrophotometrically by the Folin-Ciocalteu method (F-C), and the potential antioxidant activity was measured by ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. One of the active compounds in the extract is betulin. It was isolated and then its cytotoxic activity was compared to the results obtained from the Piptoporus betulinus extract. To further understand the mechanism of action of the extract’s anticancer activity, tests on model cell membranes were conducted. A model membrane of a melanoma cell was designed and consisted of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, disialoganglioside-GD1a and cholesterol: DMPC:GD1a:chol (5:2:3 mole ratio). Changes in a Langmuir monolayer were observed and described based on Π-Amol isotherm and compressibility modulus changes. LB lipid bilayers were deposited on a hydrophilic gold substrate and analyzed by IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our study provides new data on the effect of Piptoporus betulinus extract on melanoma cells and its impact on the model of melanoma plasma membranes.
... Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Kolayli et al. (2012), Vieira et al. (2014), Jaworska et al. (2015), dan Gambato et al. (2016) menemukan bahwa senyawa antioksidan yang terdapat pada jamur di antaranya adalah senyawa fenolik. Reis et al. (2011) juga telah meneliti senyawa yang berperan sebagai antioksidan pada beberapa spesies jamur dan didapatkan hasil bahwa kandungan senyawa fenolik lebih tinggi dari asam askorbat, tokoferol, dan karotenoid. ...
AbstrakKulat basi (Termitomyces sp.) adalah jamur asal Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu yang hidup bersimbiosis dengan rayap. Jamur ini digemari masyarakat karena rasanya yang enak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan nutrisi, aktivitas antioksidan, dan kadar fenolik total dari ekstrak metanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksan tubuh buah Kulat basi (Termitomyces sp.). Uji kandungan nutrisi meliputi kadar air, abu, protein, lemak, dan karbohidrat dilakukan berdasarkan metode Sudarmadji et al. (1984). Aktivitas antioksidan dianalisis dengan metode DPPH dan kadar fenolik total dianalisis dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa uji proksimat (kadar air, abu, protein, lemak, dan karbohidrat) dari Kulat basi secara berurutan adalah 16,09 ± 0,19%, 15,64 ± 0,58%, 31,78 ± 0,87%, 1,42 ± 0,02% dan 5,62 ± 0,94%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa Kulat basi mengandung mineral dan protein yang tinggi, serta kandungan lemak dan karbohidrat yang rendah. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dalam meredam radikal DPPH ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak metanol tubuh buah jamur dengan IC50 sebesar 2,54 ± 0,02 mg/mL. Kandungan fenolik total ekstrak metanol juga menunjukkan nilai yang paling tinggi (0,85 ± 0,01 mg GAE/g ekstrak) dibandingkan dengan ekstrak etil asetat dan n-heksan. Dengan demikian, Kulat basi (Termitomyces sp.) berpotensi sebagai makanan fungsional karena memiliki nutrisi yang baik dan berpotensi sebagai antioksidan alami. Abstract Kulat basi (Termitomyces sp.) is a mushroom from Kapuas Hulu Regency that lives in symbiosis with termites. This mushroom is popular because of its delicious taste. This study was conducted to determine the nutrient content, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of Kulat basi (Termitomyces sp.). Testing of the nutrient content test including moisture, ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate content was carried out based on the method of Sudarmadji et al. (1984). Antioxidant activity was analyzed using the DPPH method and total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results showed that the proximate test (moisture, ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate content) of Kulat basi mushroom was 16.09 ± 0.19%, 15.64 ± 0.58%, 31.78 ± 0.87%, 1.42 ± 0.02% and 5.62 ± 0.94%, respectively. These finding indicated that Kulat basi mushroom contained high minerals and protein, also low fat and carbohydrate content. The highest antioxidant activity in reducing DPPH radicals was shown by the methanol extract of mushroom with IC50of 2.54 ± 0.02 mg/mL. The total phenolic content of methanol extract also revealed the highest value (0.85 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g extract) compared to ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts. In conclusion, Kulat basi (Termitomyces sp.) has the potential as a functional food for its high nutrient content and natural antioxidant potential.
... The determination of the total flavonoid content (TFC) of the rice bran oil was performed using aluminum chloride colorimetric method as described previously [21,22]. The same microplate and reader system, as used for the TPC, were applied at the absorbance of 415 nm to calculate the total flavonoid content, represented as µmole of catechin equivalents (CE) by g of extract (µmol CE/g), obtained from the calibration curve of catechin. ...
This study presents an optimization strategy for recovery of oil from Japonica Luna rice bran using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), based on design of experiments (DoE). Initially, a 24−1 two level fractional factorial design (FFD) was used, and pressure, temperature, and scCO2 flow rate were determined as the significant variables; while the yield, total flavonoids content (TFC), and total polyphenols content (TPC) were the response functions used to analyze the quality of the extracts recovered. Subsequently, central composite design (CCD) was applied to examine the effects of the significant variables on the responses and create quadratic surfaces that optimize the latter. The following values of pressure = 34.35 MPa, temperature = 339.5 K, and scCO2 flow rate = 1.8 × 10−3 kg/min were found to simultaneously optimize the yield (6.83%), TPC (61.28 μmol GAE/g ext), and TFC (1696.8 μmol EC/g ext). The fatty acid profile of the oils was characterized by GC-FID. It was demonstrated that the acids in largest quantities are C16:0 (15–16%), C18:1 (41%), and C18:2 (38–39%). Finally, three mass transfer models were applied to determine the mass transfer coefficients and assess the cumulative extraction curves, with an AAD% of 4.16, for the best model.
... The shiitake belongs to the group of mushrooms mainly used for thousands of years, in Japan and China, for its food value and is very prized for its medicinal properties [39]. It is considered as the world's second most widely cultivated and consumed mushroom. ...
... A mature Cordyceps sinensis in its natural habitat [39]. ...
Orthodox medical practice depends greatly on the use of high throughput (HTP) pure pharmaceutical new chemical entities, with a purity that can easily be evaluated and whose efficacy and toxicity can show a dose-dependent, clear structure-activity relationships (SAR). On the contrary, natural products contain mixtures of natural bioactive metabolites that have not undergone any chemical analyses and whose mechanism of action is not known. Medicinal mushrooms have been used throughout the history of mankind for the treatment of various diseases including cancer. Nowadays they have been intensively studied and generated research interest in an attempt to reveal the chemical nature and mechanisms of action of their bioactive molecules. Targeted treatment of diseases, non-harmful for healthy tissues, has become a major objective in recent times and metabolites of fungal origin provide a vast reservoir of potential new chemical entities. There are many examples of mushrooms common for use globally that demonstrate the complex nature of their pharmaceutical potential This review paper attempts to show that some aspects of fungotherapy of the disease have been well studied. We also give an insight into the role of mushroom metabolites for treatment of diseases types that are especially susceptible to the fungal treatments.
... This highlights the need for increased cultivation of medicinal mushrooms considering their high therapeutic potential [15]. The abundant antioxidant activity found in both wild and edible mushrooms is mainly due to the presence of bioactive constituents such as phenols, flavonoids, vitamins, tocopherols, and carotenoids that could be further exploited for the prevention of free radical-related diseases [16]. ...
Throughout history, mushrooms have occupied an inseparable part of the diet in many countries. Mushrooms are considered a rich source of phytonutrients such as polysaccharides, dietary fibers, and other micronutrients, in addition to various essential amino acids, which are building blocks of vital proteins. In general, mushrooms offer a wide range of health benefits with a large spectrum of pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antioxidative, antiviral, antibacterial, osteoprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, etc. Both wild edible and medicinal mushrooms possess strong therapeutic and biological activities, which are evident from their in vivo and in vitro assays. The multifunctional activities of the mushroom extracts and the targeted potential of each of the compounds in the extracts have a broad range of applications, especially in the healing and repair of various organs and cells in humans. Owing to the presence of the aforementioned properties and rich phytocomposition, mushrooms are being used in the production of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. This review aims to provide a clear insight on the commercially cultivated, wild edible, and medicinal mushrooms with comprehensive information on their phytochemical constituents and properties as part of food and medicine for futuristic exploitation. Future outlook and prospective challenges associated with the cultivation and processing of these medicinal mushrooms as functional foods are also discussed.
