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Indirect visual memory modulation experimental design (A) Participants were presented with two lists of words intermittently presented between pictures which were the actual target for indirect visual memory modulation. A cue was presented to either forget or remember the first list of words. (B) Following encoding, memory strength was tested for the words (direct memory modulation), and the pictures (indirect visual memory modulation). Pictures illustrated are from FIGRIM, a publically available database⁵⁴.

Indirect visual memory modulation experimental design (A) Participants were presented with two lists of words intermittently presented between pictures which were the actual target for indirect visual memory modulation. A cue was presented to either forget or remember the first list of words. (B) Following encoding, memory strength was tested for the words (direct memory modulation), and the pictures (indirect visual memory modulation). Pictures illustrated are from FIGRIM, a publically available database⁵⁴.

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Conditions in which memories become maladaptive have inspired extensive research geared to modulate memory by targeting it directly and explicitly. Given limitations of direct memory modulation, we asked the following: can the target memories be modulated indirectly? To address this question, we uniquely targeted visual memories, and leveraged a pa...

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