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The dominant tectonic-force factor in the Sulawesi Island is the westward Bangga-Sula microplate tectonic intrusion, driven by the 12 mm/year westward motion of the Pacific Plate relative to Eurasia. This tectonic intrusion are accommodated by a series of major left-lateral strike-slip fault zones including Sorong Fault, Sula-Sorong Fault, Matano F...
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Citations
... Socquet et al. (2006) suggested that the ~42 mm/yr left-lateral motion on the Palu-Koro fault is transferred to the Matano and Lawanopo faults. However, since Natawidjaja and Daryono (2015) interpreted that the Lawanopo fault is inactive, the slip on the Palu-Koro fault should be primarily transferred to the Matano fault. Based on geodetic observations, the Matano fault slips slower than the Palu-Koro fault, at ~20 mm/yr (Walpersdorf et al., 1998a) or 17-28 mm/yr (Khairi et al., 2020), suggesting a slip-rate variation between the Palu-Koro and Matano faults. ...
... e mechanism of this fault movement can be in the form of strike-slip, reverse, and normal (Irsyam et.al. 2010).Sulawesi island tectonics is dominated by several sinistral strike-slip faults, including the Palu-Koro fault, Matano fault, Lawanopo fault, Walanae fault, and Gorontalo fault (Natawidjaja and Daryono 2016). In these faults, various types of rocks are mixed so that the stratigraphic position becomes very complicated. ...
... e object of this research is Lawanopo Fault, as shown in Figure 2 (Hall and Wilson 2000). This fault is thought to have been active during Plio-Pleistocene or during the mid-late Miocene to the present, as evidenced by the presence of hot springs on the Holocene reef limestones on the fault line in the Tinobu Southeast (Natawidjaja and Daryono 2016). (Masri et al. 2011) and (Valkaniotis et al. 2018) have mapped the level of the threat of an earthquake in Kolaka Subdistrict, Southeast Sulawesi Province. ...
Lawanopo Fault is a horizontal shear fault (sinistral strike-slip) found in Southeast Sulawesi province and is thought to be active during Plio-Pleistocene or mid-late Miocene to the present. This study has been carried out which aims to find out the geometric shapes below the surface of the Lawanopo fault using complete Bouguer anomaly (ABL) data. The ABL data is projected onto a flat plane using the Dampney method at an altitude of 8 km, and the separation of local and regional anomalies is carried out using the upward continuation method at an altitude of 60 km. Three-dimensional (3D) modeling under the surface of the Lawanopo fault is done using the computer program Grablox. Data processing techniques using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Occam inversion. The results showed that a high gravity anomaly of 190-225 mGal was caused by an igneous rock below the surface with a density of 2.7-3.33 gr/cm3 and a thickness of about 13 km, a moderate anomaly of 175-187 mGal caused by Paleozoic igneous rocks aged Carbon with a density of 2.6-2.9 gr/cm3 and a thickness of about 25 km. Low anomaly 115-160 mGal is caused by rocks with a density of 2.0-2.5 gr/cm3 and a thickness of about 22-23 km. The Lawanopo fault constituent rocks consist of alkaline rocks in the basement covered by sediment and metamorphic with a depth of Lawanopo fault more than 15 km and begin to be seen at a depth of 4.3 km of the surface. it is known that the area around the Lawanopo fault is an area prone to earthquakes. But, based on the soil and rock structure around the Lawanopo fault, the compactness and attenuation levels in reducing earthquake waves are quite good, so that land use around the Lawanopo fault tends to be safe.
... The area largely coincides with the central Sulawesi metamorphic belt (Hamilton 1979) but includes Buton, in addition. The Lawanopo fault system has been described in detail by Natawidjaja and Daryono (2015) so that the location of the prospective zoogeographical boundary can be easily retraced. ...
The complex structure and geological history of Sulawesi renders this island an ideal object for
zoogeographical studies on butterflies and their evolution. Based on the faunal composition and species endemicity, Sulawesi can be subdivided into several regions (Vane-Wright & de Jong 2003). Unfortunately, the state of knowledge concerning the butterfly fauna differs substantially between these regions, East and SE Sulawesi being particularly under-represented. Therefore, I will focus here on the less explored southeastern peninsula, Sulawesi Tenggara, and try to carve out some peculiarities of this region with respect to butterflies. SE Sulawesi harbours several unique species and subspecies such as Lohora umbrosa and Zethera incerta tenggara and also species which are extremely rare on Sulawesi such as Semanga helena, Deudorix loxias and Euthalia aconthea. On the other hand, a number of species occurring in other parts of Sulawesi are missing in the southeast: Atrophaneura dixoni Grose-Smith, 1901, Charaxes mars Staudinger, 1885 and Cyrestis heracles Staudinger, 1896 are examples. A notable feature in SE Sulawesi of many butterfly species from different families is the trend for darker wing coloration compared to populations from other parts of the island. It is attempted here to quantify this phenomenon and to
provide respective, reproducible methods for its analysis. This has been done for example for several species of the Pierid genus Eurema Swainson, 1821 and for the Nymphalid species Cyrestis strigata Felder et Felder, 1867, Neptis ida Moore, 1858 and Lexias aeetes Hewitson, 1861. The above mentioned peculiarities will be finally discussed in a zoogeographic context.
Based on the marine magnetic anomalies identified in the Argo Abyssal Plain offshore northwestern Australia, the conceptual continent of Argoland must have rifted off in the Late Jurassic (∼155 Ma) and drifted northward towards SE Asia. Intriguingly, in SE Asia there are no intact relics of a major continent such as India, but instead the region displays an intensely deformed, long-lived accretionary orogen that formed during more than 100 million years of oceanic and continental subduction. Within this orogen, there are continental fragments that may represent parts of Argoland. After accretion of these fragments, the orogen was further deformed. We compiled the orogenic architecture and the history of post-accretionary deformation of SE Asia, as well as the architecture and history of the NW Australian passive margin. We identified the Gondwana-derived blocks and mega-units of SW Borneo, Greater Paternoster, East Java, South Sulawesi, West Burma, and Mount Victoria Land as fragments that collectively may represent fragments of Argoland. These fragments are found between sutures with relics of Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic oceanic basins that all pre-date the break-up of Argoland. We systematically restore deformation within SE Asia in the upper plate system above the modern Sunda trench, use this to estimate where Gondwana-derived continental fragments accreted at the Sundaland (Eurasian) margin in the Cretaceous (∼110–85 Ma), and subsequently reconstruct their tectonic transport back to the Australian-Greater Indian margin. Our reconstruction shows that Argoland originated at the northern Australian margin between the Bird’s Head in the east and Wallaby-Zenith Fracture Zone in the west, south of which it bordered Greater India. We show that the lithospheric fragment that broke off northwest Australia in the Late Jurassic consisted of multiple continental fragments and intervening Triassic to Middle Jurassic oceanic basins, which we here call Argopelago. Argoland broke up into Argopelago during the Late Triassic rifting of Lhasa from the northern margin of Gondwana, and consisted of multiple continental fragments that were surrounded by oceanic basins, similar to Zealandia offshore modern east Australia, and the reconstructed history of Greater Adria in the Mediterranean.
The biota of Sulawesi is noted for its high degree of endemism and for its substantial levels of in situ biological diversification. While the island's long period of isolation and dynamic tectonic history have been implicated as drivers of regional diversification, this has rarely been tested in the context of an explicit geological framework. Here we provide a tectonically-informed biogeographical framework that we use to explore the diversification history of Sulawesi flying lizards (the Draco lineatus Group), a radiation that is endemic to Sulawesi and its surrounding islands. We employ a framework for inferring cryptic speciation that involves phylogeographic and genetic clustering analyses as a means of identifying potential species followed by population demographic assessment of divergence-timing and rates of bi-directional migration as means of confirming lineage independence (and thus species status). Using this approach, phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of mitochondrial sequence data obtained for 613 samples, a 50-SNP data set for 370 samples, and a 1249-locus exon-capture data set for 106 samples indicate that the current taxonomy substantially understates the true number of Sulawesi Draco species, that both cryptic and arrested speciation have taken place, and that ancient hybridization confounds phylogenetic analyses that do not explicitly account for reticulation. The Draco lineatus Group appears to comprise 15 species - nine on Sulawesi proper and six on peripheral islands. The common ancestor of this group colonized Sulawesi ~11 Ma when proto-Sulawesi was likely composed of two ancestral islands, and began to radiate ~6 Ma as new islands formed and were colonized via overwater dispersal. The enlargement and amalgamation of many of these proto-islands into modern Sulawesi, especially during the past 3 Ma, set in motion dynamic species interactions as once-isolated lineages came into secondary contact, some of which resulted in lineage merger, and others surviving to the present.
A systematic pattern of destruction was observed caused by the Mw 7.5 Central Sulawesi Earthquake. In brief, the quake ruptured 180 km of Palu–Koro Fault and led to massive destruction of residential buildings in Palu city, Donggala and Sigi Regencies. In Palu city, the damage was concentrated only in Balaroa and Petobo neighbourhoods where at least 930 and 1255 houses, respectively, collapsed. Microtremor time series recorded prior to the earthquake were used to analyse the subsurface structure of Balaroa and surroundings. Surprisingly, inversion of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio curves was able to locate the subsurface fault crossing the Balaroa and its dipping direction. Furthermore, the velocity profile deduced from this inversion points out the importance of local geology in the massive destruction in Balaroa. The existence of a subsurface pond led to an extremely water-saturated sandy soil underneath Balaroa. A combination of high level of water saturation and high peak ground acceleration (0.5–0.7 g) was strongly suspected to be the cause of the mega-liquefaction. The high degree of ground motion (>1.54 g) of spectral acceleration 0.2 s resulted in severe damage in elevated areas in Donggala, while in the Palu Basin, ground motion as high as 1.30 g of spectral acceleration 0.5 s led to the destruction of four-storey or higher buildings.
Eastern Indonesia is the site of intense deformation related to convergence between Australia, Eurasia, the Pacific and the Philippine Sea Plate. Our analysis of the tectonic geomorphology, drainage patterns, exhumed faults and historical seismicity in this region has highlighted faults that have been active during the Quaternary (Pleistocene to present day), even if instrumental records suggest that some are presently inactive. Of the 27 largely onshore fault systems studied, 11 showed evidence of a maximal tectonic rate and a further five showed evidence of rapid tectonic activity. Three faults indicating a slow to minimal tectonic rate nonetheless showed indications of Quaternary activity and may simply have long interseismic periods. Although most studied fault systems are highly segmented, many are linked by narrow (<3 km) step-overs to form one or more long, quasi-continuous segment capable of producing M>7.5 earthquakes. Sinistral shear across the soft-linked Yapen and Tarera–Aiduna faults and their continuation into the transpressive Seram fold–thrust belt represents perhaps the most active belt of deformation and hence the greatest seismic hazard in the region. However, the Palu–Koro Fault, which is long, straight and capable of generating super-shear ruptures, is considered to represent the greatest seismic risk of all the faults evaluated in this region in view of important strike-slip strands that appear to traverse the thick Quaternary basin-fill below Palu city.
