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Context 1
... patologica di area germanica fu capeggiata da due scuole che influenzarono profondamente la medicina speri- mentale della seconda metà del XIX secolo e la cui influenza si pro- trasse per tutto il Novecento: la scuola viennese, fiorita con l'operato di Karl Von Rokitansky (figg. 10, 11), e la scuola tedesca di Rudolph Virchow (fig. ...
Context 2
... e che tale sostanza non subisse al- cuna influenza diretta da parte dell'ambiente esterno, come a- vrebbe dovuto essere sulla base della teoria dell'ereditarietà dei caratteri acquisiti di stampo lamarckiano. 330 Agli inizi del 1900, il genetista inglese William Bateson ) riscoprì e divulgò il lavoro del frate agostiniano Gre- gor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) (fig. 14), il quale riuscì a ricavare alcune leggi fondamentali attraverso le sue ricerche sugli ibridi vegetali. Mendel elaborò i suoi dati incrociando varietà di piselli che differissero per coppie di caratteri chiaramente contrapposti secondo lo schema seguente: 331 Carattere generazioni ibride successive secondo la formula: A + 2Aa + a, do- ...
Context 3
... geometrica, degli organi e dei tessuti, ma anche nella rilevazione di altre qualità come densità e durezza dell'or- gano, considerazione per la quale era necessario non solo l'occhio, ma anche la mano. Cruveilhier, per esempio, tentava di mimare queste operazioni in una tavola in cui raffigurava un rene e una mano che ne palpava la consistenza ( fig. 20). Probabilmente fu an- che per questo motivo che Morgagni e Rokitansky non fornirono immagini, né tavole colorate. I loro testi, infatti, anche se utiliz- zando concetti diversi, erano molto attenti alla descrizione dei "dettagli tattili" degli organi, come consistenza e tessitura. Ancora oggi, durante le autopsie, l'aspetto tattile ha ...
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Citations
... Clinicians reacted against this cultural change by reaffirming the superiority of a pure clinical method based on signs and symptoms. However, this attempt failed because medicine was already directed towards anatomo-clinical approach, furtherly developed in 19th century with the introduction of histopathology and cell pathology (Zampieri 2012). Ceroplastic, as useful tool for anatomo-pathologic representation of diseases, continued to be practiced for the rest of the 19th century, even if the baroque style disappeared in the embellishment of waxworks (Zampieri & Zanatta 2013). ...
The Medical Faculties of the University of Padua (Italy) and the University of Vienna (Austria) preserved two series of wax models, made by the Austrian Johann Nepomuk Hoffmayr at the beginning of the 19th century. These models were created in a period of evolution of both medical specialties and organ pathology, which brought morbid organs at the centre of medical investigation. Ceroplastic was considered a useful tool for didactic and research, as it provided a three-dimensional realistically coloured reproduction of organic lesions. The models represent the typical eye diseases of the period, in particular those affecting external parts, which could be investigated without the need for specific instruments devised for the observation of the inner and posterior anatomy of the eye, at that time not yet available. Even if the nosological categories then employed by Hoffmayr were different from those currently used, it has been possible to find a correspondence thanks to the ophthalmological literature of his period. Ceroplastic started to decline at the end of 19th century, substituted by the much less expensive method of preservation of morbid organs in formalin and by new techniques of investigation of the inner body, such as X-ray.
... The method of anatomo-clinical correlation was further developed by the Paris medical school at the beginning of nineteenth century [7]. Gaspard-Laurent Bayle and René Laennec, for instance, recognized the "tubercle" (cavity) in the lungs, which generates a typical sound during auscultation, and coined the term "tuberculosis" [8]. Noteworthy, the term liver "cirrhosis" was also introduced by Laennec. ...
Walter Cannon and Richard Cabot inaugurated the clinico-pathological conference (CPC) at Harvard Medical School at the beginning of the twentieth century, but this approach to anatomo-clinical correlation was first introduced by Giovanni Battista Morgagni at the University of Padua in the eighteenth century. The CPC consists of the presentation of a clinical case, in which past and recent medical histories of the patient, with all relevant information about laboratory tests including biopsy results, therapy and, eventually in a fatal case, the autopsy, are discussed. This is done for an audience of trainees and all physicians involved in the care for the patient. The CPC is still in use in many academic hospitals, as a teaching tool not only for undergraduate and graduate medical trainees, but also for postgraduate continuous medical education, in spite of the progressively declining autopsy rate. CPCs represent the ideal occasion for fruitful discussion between the two "souls" of medicine, i.e., the clinical, with its focus on the patient, and the pathological, with its focus on understanding disease. To discontinue using them would be equal to denying that modern medicine originated in Morgagni's method.
