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In vitro germination and growth of a zygotic embryo from B. cydoniifolia: (A) Embryo on day 1 of cultivation. (B) Embryo with root protrusion after day 7 of cultivation. (C) Seedling formation at day 14 of cultivation. (D) Seedling at in vitro cultivation day 30. Rio Verde, Goiás State, 2011. Bar: 11 mm. Photo: Cíntia de Oliveira Martendal.
Source publication
The objective of this study is to establish an in vitro germination and cultivation protocol for murici (Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss.) using zygotic embryos. Therefore, three assays were performed: in assay I, embryo asepsis was tested at exposure times of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes in 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, with or without immersion i...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... embryos are a whitish-yellow color, and their greatest peculiarity is their spiral shape ( Figure 3A). If the spiral shape changes upon inoculation, the germination rate tends to fall, which compromises regeneration. ...
Context 2
... the embryos selected for inoculation were those that remained intact, thus maintaining their spiral shape. The injected embryos remained spiraled up until the moment that the soaking process was complete, at which point the embryos unraveled by themselves and began the protrusion of their roots, which began on day 7 of cultivation ( Figure 3B). After a few days, the cotyledons of the embryos emerged and gradually changed color. ...
Context 3
... this time, chlorophyll was produced, and the embryos began turning green. The greening process became more evident beginning on day 14 of in vitro cultivation ( Figure 3C). On day 30 of cultivation, well-formed seedlings were obtained that had an intense green color, which is characteristic of this species ( Figure 3D). ...
Context 4
... greening process became more evident beginning on day 14 of in vitro cultivation ( Figure 3C). On day 30 of cultivation, well-formed seedlings were obtained that had an intense green color, which is characteristic of this species ( Figure 3D). During the entire germination process there was no oxidation of the explants and no formation of calluses observed. ...
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The technology, if successfully incorporated into the system of seed multiplication in sugarcane can be used as breeders’ seed in a two tier system of hardened clean tissue culture plantlets as starting planting materials from which the conventional three-budded sets would be obtained to organize the foundation and certified seed production. Availa...
Citations
... In vitro germination of seeds and zygotic embryos is aimed at accelerating germination, breaking the different types of dormancy and obtaining uniform seedlings. This technique has been used in different crops such as grapevine (Generoso et al., 2019;Val;Alvarenga;Cecon, 2010), pepper (Walter et al., 2018), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) (Kingsley et al., 2016;Sparjanbabu et al., 2020), murici (Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss.) (Martendal et al., 2013) and castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) (Louis;Okafor;Okezie, 2018). ...
... The use of mature zygotic embryos from the studied grapevine cultivars provided rapid and uniform germination (Figure 9). Rapidity and uniformity in germination are the main characteristics sought in the germination not only of mature zygotic embryos of grapevines, but of several other species such as oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) (Kingsley et al., 2016;Sparjanbabu et al., 2020), murici (Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss.) (Martendal et al., 2013) and castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) (Louis; Okafor; Okezie, 2018). Our research group has studied in recent years several crosses between grapes species for resistance to nematode, downy mildew and powdery mildew. ...
... Sobre a germinação de embriões desta espécie in vitro, Handa et al. (2005) verificaram que o hipoclorito de sódio (50% e 2% de cloro ativo) por 10 min não foi eficiente na assepsia, apresentando contaminação por fungos (19%) e bactérias (3%). Para o murici (Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss.) (Tabela 1), Martendal et al. (2013) obtiveram boa assepsia com álcool 70%, 1 min, e 25 minutos em hipoclorito de sódio (2,5%), por 25 min. A maior porcentagem de germinação (95%) foi obtida no controle constituído de água e ágar com redução desta porcentagem nos tratamentos constituídos de meio MS, WPM em combinação com diferentes concentrações de sacarose. ...
... The higher salt concentrations in the evaluated treatments were responsible for the increase in the length of the in vitro plantlets, and could be adjusted in a quadratic regression ( Figure 5). Martendal et al. (2013) reported that the variation in the salt concentration does not have any significant influence on the germination percentage and on the length of embryos of murici (Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss.), which was not observed in this study since concentrations above 50% favor the length of tamarind plantlets formed from zygotic embryos. ...
There has been a lack of research on the propagation methods of tamarind, hindering the availability and supply of its products. Considering the nutraceutical potential of tamarind and the long-time required to initiate production, this study aimed to evaluate the establishment of nodal segments and the germination of in vitro zygotic embryos of tamarind plants in culture media, salt concentrations, and activated charcoal, aiming at the establishment of an in vitro propagation protocol. For this purpose, MS and WPM media with 25, 50, 75 and 100% salt concentrations were used both with and without activated charcoal (2 g L-1) for the inoculation of nodal segments and zygotic embryos of tamarind. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, in a 2 x 4 x 2 factorial scheme (culture media x salt concentrations x activated charcoal) with 20 replications. It was observed that the in vitro establishment of tamarind nodal segments is viable when using the MS medium with 75% of salts plus 2 g L-1 of activated charcoal and that for the germination of zygotic embryos there was no influence of the treatments. It was also observed that in order to increase the length of the formed plantlets, the MS and WPM media can be employed with 75% of salts.
... Similar effects of various strength MS medium on seed germination were described for various species (41,42). Martendal et al. (43) applied water-agar medium in order to obtain the highest germination frequency for Byrsonima cydoniifolia. Since the previous reports proved the inhibitory nature of MS medium on seed germination of Aconitum heterophyllum, the seed germination occurred on water-agar medium (44). ...
... When embryos were autotrophic, the seed germination might occur in media without any nutritional elements and sucrose by eliminating its supplemental energy source (43). On the other hand, full MS medium caused delay in seed germination due to high nutrition concentrations that are above the threshold level for seed germination (46). ...
Bodhi tree (Ficus religiosa) is a long-lived valuable multipurpose forest tree. The tree is exploited because of its religious, ornamental and medicinal value and the regeneration rate in natural habitat is low. This study aims to evaluate the seed germination in in vitro and in vivo conditions. The highest percentage of in vitro seed germinations were occurred in 0.1 MS medium in the light condition (83.33%). The highest percentage of in vivo seed germinations were occurred in soaking in hot water (65ºC) for 10 minutes followed by soaking in gibberellic acid (100 ppm) for 24h (42.66%).
... Similar effects of various strengths of MS medium on seed germination have been described for various species (22,23). Martendal et al. (24) applied water-agar medium in order to obtain the highest germination frequency for Byrsonima cydoniifolia. Since the previous reports proved the inhibitory nature of MS medium on seed germination of Aconitum heterophyllum, seed germination occurred on water-agar medium (25). ...
... duction of full Strength MS medium to half strength MS medium was adequate for enhancing the seed germination frequency of Givotia rottleriformis. When embryos are autotrophic, seed germination might occur in media without any nutritional elements and sucrose, by eliminating its supplemental energy source (24). On the other hand, full MS medium caused delay in seed germination due to high nutrition concentrations that were above the threshold level for seed germination (27). ...
Background: Ficus religiosa is known as a pure source in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, asthma, diarrhea, gastric problems, epilepsy, sexual, infectious, and inflammatory disorders. Despite the fact that many studies have authorized its traditional medicinal uses, yet these utilized raw extracts have not been yet characterized. Therefore, there is a necessity for standardizing its phytochemical features and recognizing bioactivity, guided by bioactive metabolites. Objectives: In this study, the effect of light and dark condition, different strengths of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, and their interactions on seed germination and the effect of plant growth regulators on callogenesis of F. religiosa via leaf, petiole, root, and internode explants were investigated. Results: The results demonstrated the highest seed germination percentage was achieved at one-tenth strength of MS medium under the light condition. Also, the highest callus fresh weight was obtained from media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and 0.05 mg/L 6- benzyl amino purine (BAP) in all explants. The MS medium containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) produced greenish and compact calli while yellowish and compact calli was achieved in α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and finally 2,4-D produced yellow-brownish calli. Conclusions: To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study was the first report of seed germination and callus induction through immature explants of F. religiosa. The seed germination and callogenesis system established in this study could be applied in the future for the enrichment of certain secondary metabolites as well as the production of new secondary metabolites, with the purpose of understanding and use of medicinal properties for this valuable germplasm. Copyright © 2018, Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products.
... Several studies report the benefits of using less concentrated MS medium. Jelly palm, Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., was favored by reducing MS concentration to 75% (RIBEIRO et al., 2011). In vitro germination of Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T.D. Penn. in half strength MS medium was better than that in full strength MS (STEIN et al., 2007).Martendal et al. (2013)reported that a growth medium containing only water and agar was the most effective for in vitro germination of zygote embryos of murici (Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss.).However, it is important to observe that the relation between plantlet development and medium concentration is inherently connected to each species nutritional requirem ...
Savannah is the second biome in biodiversity in Brazil, presenting great vegetation endemism. Baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata Vog.), native from this biome, is an economically important species, with an incipient market due to the lack of commercial plantations. This highlights the need to develop and provide the basis for the domestication of this species. Thus, this study evaluated different concentrations of MS medium, using baruzeiro intact or cut seeds for in vitro establishment. Seeds from baruzeiro ripe fruits were decontaminated and were left intact or partially cut; subsequently, the seeds were inoculated into flasks with different concentrations of MS culture medium. The experimental design was completely randomized as a 5 x 2 factorial, consisting of 5 MS medium concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 or 100%) and 2 types of seeds (intact or partially cut seeds), with three replications. Each experimental unit consisted of five flasks and 10 plants. After five months of incubation, the contamination of explants, seed germination, the number of fully developed plants and the dry masses of shoot and root of baruzeiros were evaluated. Intact seeds provided better results for all characteristics evaluated. The increased concentration of MS medium resulted in mass gain of plants; however, the use of MS medium 0% provided greater percentage of fully developed plants, the most interesting feature for baruzeiro in vitro establishment. © 2017, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia. All rights reserved.
... (Malpighiaceae) is a shrub of rapid growth that produces one of the largest fruits of the genus. Hence, this species has been targeted for domestication and cultivation (Almeida et al. 1998), and in vitro propagation protocols for murici have been carried out by Silva et al. (2012) and Martendal et al. (2013). ...
Byrsonima basiloba Juss. is a fast growing shrub that produces edible and juicy fruits. This research studied the morphology and anatomy of seeds and seedlings. The hard endocarp was crested and triloculate, with one seed per locule. B. basiloba seed was composed of a testa and a tegmen with residual endosperm. The embryo was ivory, with long, foliaceous, circinate, anisophyllous cotyledons with disjointed apices. The embryonary axis was short, straight and occupied a small portion of the seed with short epicotyl, and radicle with a rudimentary root cap. In the seedlings, it was possible to differentiate the protoderm, procambium and ground meristem in the elongation zone. The differentiation process in this species occurred early in the embryo. Leaf primordia surrounded the shoot apical meristem, which contained a developing parenchyma, epidermis with trichomes, and the vascular system already partially differentiated, with xylem vessels with helical thickening. The stem/root transition region, which originated the xylopodium in the adult plant, was oblique to the stem axis. Cotyledons and eophylls were amphistomatic. The anatomical description can help with taxonomic identification of the species in the field, as well as to provide a guide to choosing explants for in vitro cultivation protocols.
... Plant tissue culture has been an indispensable tool for obtaining seedlings of various native and cultivated species, such as Anacardium othonianum Rizz (Assis et al., 2015), Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss. (Martendal et al., 2013;, Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen (Saldanha et al., 2014), and banana (Musa spp AAA) plantlets (Kaçar et al., 2010). ...
Mouriri elliptica (Mart.) is a genetic resource of the Cerrado domain, which has potential for food and medicinal use. A few studies have been performed on its in vitro propagation, and no studies have examined dissimilarities between plants of this species when cultivated in situ or in vitro. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to identify in vitro cultivation conditions that permit the formation of plantlets with leaf anatomical features that are less dissimilar to those of plants grown in situ. Thus, an anatomical study of the leaves was conducted to investigate the adaxial epidermis thickness, abaxial epidermis thickness, chlorenchyma thickness, stomatal crypt depth, stomatal crypt density, and leaf surface stomatal crypt aperture area. The distance between phenotypes was determined based on micromorphometric data, and unweighted pair group mean arithmetic clustering was performed. Four different groups were tested, and cultivation with sucrose and 50 and 75 µmol · m⁻² · s⁻¹ irradiance was found to promote plantlet development and maximize similarity to plants cultivated in situ. The most important anatomical parameters in this study were the stomatal crypt aperture area and the crypt density. This study is of importance for the anatomical characterization of M. elliptica (Mart.) leaves, as it identifies plasticity as a function of in vitro culture conditions.
... Similar effects of various strength MS medium on seed germination were described for various species [41,42]. Martendal et al. [43] applied water-agar medium in order to obtain the highest germination frequency for Byrsonima cydoniifolia. Since the previous reports proved the inhibitory nature of MS medium on seed germination of Aconitum heterophyllum, the seed germination occurred on water-agar medium [44]. ...
... When embryos were autotrophic, the seed germination might occur in media without any nutritional elements and sucrose by eliminating its supplemental energy source [43]. On the other hand, full MS medium caused delay in seed germination due to high nutrition concentrations that are above the threshold level for seed germination [46]. ...
Bodhi tree (Ficus religiosa) is a long-lived valuable multipurpose forest tree. The tree is exploited
because of its religious, ornamental and medicinal value and the regeneration rate in natural habitat is
low. This study aims to evaluate the seed germination in in vitro and in vivo conditions. The highest
percentage of in vitro seed germinations were occured in 0.1 MS medium in the light condition
(83.33%). The highest percentage of in vivo seed germinations were occured in soaking in hot water
(65ºC) for 10 minutes followed by soaking in gibberellic acid (100 ppm) for 24h (42.66%).
... Similar effects of MS medium strength on DRG were reported for different species. Martendal et al. (2013) used water-agar medium to achieve maximum germination rate for Byrsonima cydoniifolia. Seed germination of Aconitum heterophyllum was observed in distilled-water medium, but not in MS medium, which was reported to be inhibitory (Solanki, Siwach 2012). ...
... Likewise, Samuel et al. (2009) showed that reduction of MS salts to half-strength is sufficient to improve the germination percentage of Givotia rottleriformis, compared to quarterand full-strength. Germination of seeds in media lacking nutritional salts and sucrose might occur because embryos were autotrophic and eliminate the supplemental energy source (Martendal et al. 2013). On the other hand, Solanki and Siwach (2012) considered that delay in germination of seeds on full MS basal medium occurred because the salt concentrations exceeded seed germination needs. ...
Grewia tenax is an important nutraceutical plant threatened due to excessive fruit collection and physiological dormancy of seeds. In vitro propagation is required for ex situ conservation of this neglected plant. Improving germination rate is vital for providing the uniform explant material required for propagation and in vitro studies. The aim of this study was to optimize cultivation conditions for in vitro seed germination and micropropagation of G. tenax. Full seed germination was achieved in all treatments. Tests in distilled water medium showed the least number of days for germination and highest seedling length. Full Murashige and Skoog medium produced the maximum number of nodes. Darkness promoted germination rate and seedling length, but decreased the number of nodes per seedling. Benzyladenine and kinetin slightly increased the number of nodes compared to the control. Each uninodal explant cultivated on Murashige and Skoog medium free of plant growth regulators developed into a plantlet within one week. Well-rooted plants were successfully established in a greenhouse with 95% survival rate. This plant growth regulator-free system can successfully overcome seed dormancy and provide a rapid-continuous supply of plant material of G. tenax.
