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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin widely found in various foods and feeds that have a deleterious effect on humans and animals. It has been shown that OTA causes multiorgan toxicity, and the kidney is the main target of OTA among them. This present article aims to review recent and latest intracellular molecular interactions and signaling pathways...
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Context 1
... application of MPS has a technical limitation to assess toxicology, such as limited cell number and lack of throughput, and is limited in cell sorting [89]. Tables 1 and 2 summarize recent studies of OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. HK-2, Human proximal tubular epithelial cells; HKC, human renal proximal tubular cells; HMC, human mesangial cells; ICR mice, institute of cancer research mice; LLC-PK1, pig kidney epithelial cells; MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells; NRK-52E, rat renal tubular duct epithelial cell line; SPF F344 rats, specific pathogen-free Fischer 344 rats. ...Context 2
... authors declare no conflict of interest affiliated with this review. Lonp1 lon protease 1 MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MDA malondialdehyde MEK 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell NHE3 sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 NLRP3 ...Citations
... Renal toxicity is a prominent consequence of OTA exposure. OTA increases collagen expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells by decreasing miR-29b, which could be favorable to the development of fibrotic nephropathy (Khoi et al., 2021). Multiple miRNAs were altered in pigs with OTA-induced nephrotoxicity (Marin et al., 2019). ...
Mycotoxins, ubiquitous contaminants in food, present a global threat to human health and well‐being. Mitigation efforts, such as the implementation of sound agricultural practices, thorough food processing, and the advancement of mycotoxin control technologies, have been instrumental in reducing mycotoxin exposure and associated toxicity. To comprehensively assess mycotoxins and their toxicodynamic implications, the deployment of effective and predictive strategies is imperative. Understanding the manner of action, transformation, and cumulative toxic effects of mycotoxins, moreover, their interactions with food matrices can be gleaned through gene expression and transcriptome analyses at cellular and molecular levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) govern the expression of target genes and enzymes that play pivotal roles in physiological, pathological, and toxicological responses, whereas acute phase proteins (APPs) exert regulatory control over the metabolism of therapeutic agents, both endogenously and posttranscriptionally. Consequently, this review aims to consolidate current knowledge concerning the regulatory role of miRNAs in the initiation of toxicological pathways by mycotoxins and explores the potential of APPs as biomarkers following mycotoxin exposure. The findings of this research highlight the potential utility of miRNAs and APPs as indicators for the detection and management of mycotoxins in food through biological processes. These markers offer promising avenues for enhancing the safety and quality of food products.
... OTA is difficult to remove due to the high molecular structure stability and thermal stability (Khoi, Chen, Lin, Chiang, & Hung, 2021). As such, traditional ultraviolet irradiation or ultra-high temperature (UHT) sterilization has a poor effect on OTA removal (Mitchell et al., 2017). ...
Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in grape juice has attracted widespread concern as OTA can lead to kidney disease and cause adverse neurological effects. An effective method to remove OTA is to make use of highly adsorbent materials that are able to remove the toxic contaminant. Recently, inactivated Lactobacillus plantarum-based biosorbents have shown to be an efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly bioremediation method in removing toxic pollutants such as OTA. We used five chemical thiol-modification methods to improve the adsorption efficiency of OTA in grape juice. The esterification of Lactobacillus plantarum (L-Es) significantly increased the sulfhydryl contents (-SH) by 251.33 μmol/g and >90% of OTA was removed. However, the inactivated microbial adsorbent was difficult to separate after adsorption and therefore, the prepared L-Es were embedded into the cellulose nanocrystals (L-Es@CNCs). Moreover, L-Es@CNCs significantly increased the adsorption rate of OTA in grape juice samples by 88.28% with negligible effects on juice quality due to the properties of easy re-use and excellent biodegradability. This showcases its potential application for OTA removal in the grape juice industry.
... It can be found in various foods like grains, coffee, grapes, and meat products [49,50]. Ochratoxin A has the ability to accumulate in the body, primarily in the kidneys, and is known to cause renal damage, besides being classified as potentially carcinogenic [51,52]. ...
Food security is a paramount concern worldwide, as the consumption of food contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms can result in serious risks to human health. The presence of bacteria, fungi, and other potentially harmful microorganisms in food is a reality that demands rigorous preventive and control measures to ensure the quality and safety of food products. In this context, this review addresses food safety management as a preventive and control measure for pathogenic microorganisms in food, aiming to safeguard public health and ensure product quality. The article discusses the importance of strict hygienic practices throughout the food chain, from production to consumption, and analyzes predominant pathogenic microorganisms that can cause foodborne illnesses. The study highlights the relevance of conventional and advanced techniques for microbiological identification as effective tools for accurate and rapid detection of microorganisms in food. Key elements such as temperature, pH, water activity, and additives are emphasized as crucial in inhibiting microbial proliferation. The implementation of quality management systems, notably the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system, and collaboration among various stakeholders are identified as essential to ensuring food safety. The importance of consumer education regarding safe food handling and storage practices is also emphasized. The conclusion emphasizes the central significance of food safety management as a foundation for population health and well-being, reinforcing that synergy and shared responsibility are indispensable pillars to ensure the supply of safe and healthy food for human consumption. Received: 10 October 2023; Accepted: 28 February 2024.
... A maximum limit of 2 μg/kg has been established for this mycotoxin in wine and grape juice in Europe (European Commission, 2006) and Brazil (Brasil, 2022). OTA is categorized as a possible carcinogen for humans (group 2B) according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 1993), in addition to having genotoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive potential (Khoi et al., 2021). ...
... Multiple studies have demonstrated that the main pathway of exposure to OTA in both humans and animals is through dietary consumption, as it is present in a wide variety of meals and animal feeds [3]. Regrettably, the ingestion of this mycotoxin leads to a range of adverse effects that are dependent on the dosage, with the most significant outcomes being nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity [4,5]. Furthermore, it has been observed that OTA induces oxidative stress (OS) and membrane peroxidation at the cellular level [6]. ...
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a highly potent mycotoxin that contaminates many kinds of food and feed sources. Its significant impact on human health and animal productivity makes it a topic of particular concern. The role of specific bioactive compounds used as dietary antioxidants is believed to be substantial due to their capacity to act as free radical scavengers. Because of the well-known oxidative stress induced by OTA, the primary objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of a standardized powder extract recovered from citrus processing waste, red orange and lemon extract (RLE), on liver damage induced by OTA in a rat model. This study aimed to examine the impact of oral administration of RLE (90 mg/kg b.w.) on hepatic function and oxidative balance in Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 6/group) treated with OTA (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) over a period of 14 days. The administration of OTA alone resulted in both biochemical changes and an imbalance in redox status in the liver. However, the use of RLE alleviated the activity of antioxidant enzymes and dramatically decreased the serum levels of ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), and ALP (alkaline phosphatase), providing evidence of its protective benefits. Based on the findings from liver histology tests, the administration of RLE resulted in mitigation of lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, steatosis, and necrosis in the OTA group. These results indicate that the novel phytoextract RLE holds potential for application in the field of nutraceuticals.
... While kidney tumors were observed especially in male rats, an increase in kidney and liver tumors was observed in mice. Based on the data obtained from reviews (Kőszegi & Poór, 2016;Khoi et al., 2021). There is disagreement on whether OTA creates DNA adducts (Delatour et al., 2008;Mantle et al., 2010). ...
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. OTA causes damage to the kidneys and liver in experimental animals and is even classified as a possible human carcinogen. As an occasional phenomenon, many foods in a particular region may be contaminated with OTA. Regardless of whether it is a developed or developing country, OTA contamination poses both public health and economic risks. We have compiled studies on OTA in food and humans (milk and blood) in Turkey over the last 25 years and discussed what needs to be done to reduce the public health risk.
... However, it is not uncommon for these methods to fall short of a 100 percent guarantee for the eradication of mycotoxin-producing microbes. As a result, toxin-producing microbes and the mycotoxins they create may contaminate a wide variety of items (such as cereals) (Khoi, Chen, Lin, Chiang, & Hung, 2021). Historically, the food industry has used a broad range of physical and chemical detoxification techniques, such as removing fungal-infested portions of food or exposing it to heat treatments for fungus and mycotoxin breakdown (Murtaza et al., 2023). ...
... Cell culture studies have revealed that fumonisins disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, folate transport and neural tube development in embryo culture. At the cell level, FB 1 induces oxidative stress, apoptosis and cytotoxicity, as well as alterations in cytokine expression [156]. In addition, fumonisins can also cause damage to organs such as the kidneys and liver [15,157]. ...
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
... It is a potential nephrotoxin in animals, especially mammals, and is also considered a human carcinogen . Ochratoxin A, a contaminant, is most commonly found in cereals-based products (Lee and Ryu, 2017;Wan et al., 2020) and also in various products such as coffee (Copetti et al., 2014;Viesser et al., 2021), raisins (Khoi et al., 2021;Chen et al., 2018) and wine . Renal disease outbreak in Scandinavia was the first problem associated with this toxin. ...
While food shortages have become an important challenge, providing safe food resources is a point of interest on a global scale. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are formed through various fungi species. They are mainly spread through diets such as food or beverages. About one quarter of the world's food is spoiled with mycotoxins. As this problem is not resolved, it represents a significant threat to global food security. Besides the current concerns regarding the contamination of food items by these metabolites, the lack of knowledge by consumers and their possible growth and toxin production attracted considerable attention. While globalization provides a favorite condition for some countries, food security still is challenging for most countries. There are various approaches to reducing the mycotoxigenic fungi growth and formation of mycotoxins in food, include as physical, chemical, and biological processes. The current article will focus on collecting data regarding consumers' awareness of mycotoxins. Furthermore, a critical overview and comparison among different preventative approaches to reduce risk by consumers will be discussed. Finally, the current effect of mycotoxins on global trade, besides future challenges faced by mycotoxin contamination on food security, will be discussed briefly.
... Significant protection to the DNA noticed in irradiated IEC-6 cells that were pre-treated with L-NAT (Fig. 6), suggested L-NAT mediated prevention against radiation-induced DNA damage, and early release of G2/M checkpoint that allows the cells to enter into mitosis and thus ensure proliferation and survival. Similar findings were reported earlier was provided to gain support for the present [23,48,50]. ...
Background
Ionizing radiation generates oxidative stress in biological systems via inducing free radicals. Gastro-intestinal system has been known for its high radiosensitivity. Therefore, to develop an effective radiation countermeasure for gastrointestinal system, N-acetyl L-tryptophan was evaluated for its radioprotective efficacy using intestinal epithelial cells-6 (IEC-6) cells as the experimental model.
Methods and results
Cellular metabolic and lysosomal activity of L-NAT and L-NAT treated irradiated IEC-6 cells were assessed by MTT and NRU staining, respectively. ROS and mitochondrial superoxide levels along with mitochondrial disruption were detected using specific fluorescent probes. Endogenous antioxidants (CAT, SOD, GST, GPx) activities were determined using calorimetric assay. Apoptosis and DNA damage were assessed using flow cytometery and Comet assay, respectively. Results of the study were demonstrated that L-NAT pre-treatment (− 1 h) to irradiated IEC-6 cells significantly contribute to ensuring 84.36% to 87.68% (p < 0.0001) survival at 0.1 μg/mL concentration against LD50 radiation dose (LD50; 20 Gy). Similar level of radioprotection was observed with a clonogenic assay against γ radiation (LD50; 5 Gy). L-NAT was found to provide radioprotection by neutralizing radiation-induced oxidative stress, enhancing antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GST, and GPx), and protecting DNA from radiation-induced damage. Further, significant restoration of mitochondrial membrane integrity along with apoptosis inhibition was observed with irradiated IEC-6 cells upon L-NAT pretreatment.
