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12 In the late embryonic development (stage 25) Idiosepius develops a digestive gland system (arrow), the so called Hoyle organ . Following hatch, the production of secretory material decreases and the Hoyle organ degrades within 1–2 days. Scale bar = 100 μm
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Cephalopods are highly evolved invertebrates; since ancient times, they have been admired for their intelligence, their ability
to change color within milliseconds and their flexible arms, equipped with suckers or hooks. The suckers are versatile, mainly
used to attach mechanically (by a reduced-pressure systems with a low pressure up to 0.01 MPa)...
Citations
... Many detailed characterizations of the structure and function of Hoyle organs have been reported (26,(31)(32)(33)(34)(35), and basic proteins were identified in the composition of Hoyle organ secretions, but their identity had not been determined (30). The disappearance of EsBPI2 in this area occurs over the first 3 days following hatching concomitantly with the typical developmental loss of the Hoyle organ (36,37). ...
We characterized bactericidal permeability-increasing proteins (BPIs) of the squid Euprymna scolopes , EsBPI2 and EsBPI4. They have molecular characteristics typical of other animal BPIs, are closely related to one another, and nest phylogenetically among invertebrate BPIs. Purified EsBPIs had antimicrobial activity against the squid’s symbiont, Vibrio fischeri , which colonizes light organ crypt epithelia. Activity of both proteins was abrogated by heat treatment and coincubation with specific antibodies. Pretreatment under acidic conditions similar to those during symbiosis initiation rendered V. fischeri more resistant to the antimicrobial activity of the proteins. Immunocytochemistry localized EsBPIs to the symbiotic organ and other epithelial surfaces interacting with ambient seawater. The proteins differed in intracellular distribution. Further, whereas EsBPI4 was restricted to epithelia, EsBPI2 also occurred in blood and in a transient juvenile organ that mediates hatching. The data provide evidence that these BPIs play different defensive roles early in the life of E. scolopes , modulating interactions with the symbiont.
IMPORTANCE This study describes new functions for bactericidal permeability-increasing proteins (BPIs), members of the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP)/BPI protein family. The data provide evidence that these proteins play a dual role in the modulation of symbiotic bacteria. In the squid-vibrio model, these proteins both control the symbiont populations in the light organ tissues where symbiont cells occur in dense monoculture and, concomitantly, inhibit the symbiont from colonizing other epithelial surfaces of the animal.
... Finally, cephalopod culture is completely justified since cephalopods are used as biological models in neuroscience (Williamson and Chrachri 2004;Sio 2011), behaviour (Wells 1978;Hanlon and Messenger 1996;Tricarico et al. 2011;Gherardi et al. 2012), evolution (Budelmann 1995;Strugnell et al. 2011) and climate change (Pörtner and Farrell 2008;Gutowska et al. 2010;Uriarte et al. 2012;Dorey et al. 2013;Noyola et al. 2013;Zúñiga et al. 2013). They have been recently introduced as models for mechatronics (Laschi et al. 2012), biological adhesive systems (Byern and Klepal 2006;Cyran et al. 2010) and tissue regeneration (Feral 1978(Feral , 1979(Feral , 1988Rohrbach and Schmidtberg 2006). ...
This chapter presents an overall perspective on the current status of
cephalopod culture, its bottlenecks and future challenges. It focuses on the species
that have received more research effort and consequently accumulated more scientific
literature during the present century, namely Sepia officinalis, Sepioteuthis
lessoniana, Octopus maya and Octopus vulgaris. Knowledge regarding physiology,
metabolism and nutrition of different species is still lacking. Two main challenges
are identified: the development of a sustainable artificial diet and the control of
reproduction. Understanding cephalopod physiology and nutrition will probably be
the biggest challenge in developing the large-scale culture of this group of molluscs
Walking is a locomotion mode in which animals move over the ground using their appendages. Walking is observed in both terrestrial and aquatic animals, but the morphology and diversity of appendages in the latter group have been less extensively studied. The present paper reports on the “adhesive areas,” which may represent morphological and physiological adaptations for stable aquatic walking, in the paintpot cuttlefish, Ascarosepion tullbergi . This animal employs arm IV as a forelimb and an ambulatory flap as a hindlimb for walking, resulting in a gait‐like manner of movement. The structure of the adhesive area is exclusively located on the ventral skin surface of arm IV and the ambulatory flap, which are in contact with the ground during walking. The “adhesive areas” are characterized by a dense population of adhesive mucus‐secreting cells and the development of numerous wrinkles on the surface. These features may enhance the gripping and sticking capacity of the ground‐contact area, thus improving walking stability. The use of adhesive areas for walking is a unique feature of A. tullbergi , as other cuttlefish with adhesive areas primarily use them for attaching to substrata in strong currents. Our results contribute to the understanding of the locomotion strategy of cuttlefish.
Bioadhesives have reached significant milestones over the past two decades. Research has shown not only to produce adhesives capable of adhering to dry tissue but recently wet tissue as well. However, most bioadhesives developed have exhibited high adhesion strength yet lack other properties required for versatility in application, such as elasticity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Adapting from limitations met from early bioadhesives and meeting the current demand allows novel bioadhesives to reach new milestones for the future. In this review, we overview the progression and variations of bioadhesives, current trends, characterisation techniques and conclude with future perspectives for bioadhesives for tissue engineering applications.
Bioinspired strategies for designing hydrogels with excellent adhesive performance have drawn much attention in biomedical applications. Here, bioinspired adhesive hydrogels tackified by independent nucleobase (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil) from DNA and RNA are successfully explored. The nucleobase-tackified hydrogels exhibit an excellent adhesive behavior for not only various solid substrates (polytetrafluoroethylene, plastics, rubbers, glasses, metals, and woods) but also biological tissues consisting of heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, bone, and muscle. The maximum adhesion strength of A-, T-, G-, C-, and U-tackified hydrogels on the aluminum alloy surface is 780, 166, 250, 227, and 433 N m−1, respectively, superior to that of pure PAAm hydrogels (40 N m−1) after adhesive time of 10 min. It is anticipated that bioinspired hydrogels will play a significant role in the applications of wound dressing, medical electrodes, tissue adhesives, and portable equipment. Moreover, the bioinspired nucleobase-tackified strategy would open a novel avenue for designing the next generation of soft and adhesive materials.
The family Idiosepiidae is an atypical cephalopod group; the member species are the smallest cephalopods in body size, and their phylogenetic position with regard to the other cephalopods as well as the relationships within the genus Idiosepius remain controversial. Cur- rently, 8 recognized species belong to Idiosepius, although the taxonomic position of I. macrocheir and I. thailandicus is uncertain: their diagnostic characters closely overlap with those of I. biseri- alis. To provide further information on the phylogenetic relationships of Idiosepius, 4 mitochondr- ial loci (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and III) were analysed for all Idiosepius species and several populations. I. macrocheir and I. thailandicus nested within the African and the Indo-Pacific group of I. biserialis, respectively. This indicates that both species were incorrectly assigned to a single species, and that they rather represent junior synonyms of I. biserialis. Furthermore, the species I. biserialis itself exhibits considerable genetic variability: an African and Indo-Pacific region population was evident. Our results revealed 2 new aspects of Idiosepius: a population of I. biserialis from Japan appeared to be closely related to I. paradoxus, a species with 4 rows of suckers on the tentacular club. In contrast, I. paradoxus from Okinawa Island, also considered a 4-rowed species, showed strong congruence on the phylogenetic and taxonomic level with the 2-rowed species I. biserialis. This congruence leads to the hypothesis that climatic conditions, rather than habitat preference or geographical barriers, support the structur- ing of Idiosepius populations.
Nautiloidea is the oldest group within the cephalopoda, and modern Nautilus differs much in its outer morphology from all other recent species; its external shell and pinhole camera eye are the most prominent distinguishing characters. A further unique feature of Nautilus within the cephalopods is the lack of suckers or hooks on the tentacles. Instead, the animals use adhesive structures present on the digital tentacles. Earlier studies focused on the general tentacle morphology and put little attention on the adhesive gland system. Our results show that the epithelial parts on the oral adhesive ridge contain three secretory cell types (columnar, goblet, and cell type 1) that differ in shape and granule size. In the non-adhesive aboral epithelium, two glandular cell types (cell types 2 and 3) are present; these were not mentioned in any earlier study and differ from the cells in the adhesive area. The secretory material of all glandular cell types consists mainly of neutral mucopolysaccharide units, whereas one cell type in the non-adhesive epithelium also reacts positive for acidic mucopolysaccharides. The present data indicate that the glue in Nautilus consists mainly of neutral mucopolysaccharides. The glue seems to be a viscous carbohydrate gel, as known from another cephalopod species. De-attachment is apparently effectuated mechanically, i.e., by muscle contraction of the adhesive ridges and tentacle retraction.
