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Upper Devonian terrigenous red rocks in the middle Timan region enclose many paleopedocomplexes. Some sections include both paleosoil profiles with well-preserved coalified organic matter of in situ root systems and profiles lacking these features. Lithological investigations revealed that sedimentary beds are mostly composed of sand-to gravel-size...
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... and nearly vertical in most cases, but they could also penetrate the rock in the horizontal direction. The length of axes varies from a few millimeters to 15 cm. The root systems demonn strate maximal branching at a depth of 10-25 cm. Downward the section, they decrease rapidly and diss appear at a depth of 30-35 cm below the paleosoil roof (Fig. 6a). Population of plants with root systems of type 1 is relatively dense: approximately one plant per 1 to 2 cm 2 of the paleosurface. Root systems of type 2 are represented by almost straight firsttorder axes (up to 6 mm in diameter) with relatively abundant branches up to 0.3 mm in diameter and up to 15 mm long. Similar to roots of type ...
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... Later, Kraus and Hasiotis [32] supplemented Klappa's classification with one more type of rhizoliths-rhizohaloes-representing Fe-and Mndepleted zones around roots with red rims around; rhizohaloes are mainly formed in gleyed paleosols. Rhizoliths of this type were described in the works by Beznosov et al. [3], Inozemtsev and Targulian [7], Snigirevskii et al. [14], Shumilov [20,40], Nascimento et al. [33], and others. ...
Collected in situ rhizoliths from Devonian and Early Carboniferous paleosols in the southern part
of the Russian Platform (Kaluga, Belgorod, and Voronezh oblasts) were studied by means of scanning electron
microscopy, X-ray diffraction, XRF and mass spectrometry. In Devonian paleosols developed on volcanic–
sedimentary deposits, rhizoliths are represented by petrified individual roots of different plants, rooting
systems, and their diagenetically transformed products—ferruginous concretions and wedges. Mineralogically, they are
dominated by goethite and siderite in different proportions. Some of them include charcoals and/or pyritesubstituted
plant tissues. This kind of rhizoliths was developed under reducing conditions in (semi)hydromorphic
paleosols or under flooding during the soil burial stage. In the Carboniferous period, paleosols formed
on marine limestones contained several types of rhizoliths: casts (predominate), imprints and root channels
(less abundant), and few rhizocretions with arbuscular mycorrhiza. All of them are characterized by complete
mineralization of plant tissues. Casts and rhizocretions are substituted with calcite. The isotopic composition
of C in the latter is within –5.68 < δ13C < –1.16‰. The data obtained show that rhizoliths are important
sources of information on biodiversity, physiology of plants, and paleoenvironments at different scales,
including the global scale. The volume of information depends on the type of rhizolith.
... (4) The section is crowned by a variegated member. The analysis of geological sections revealed at least three centers of red proluvial fan cones (Shumilov, 2013(Shumilov, , 2014Shumilov and Tel'nova, 2017). The first cone in the western part of the region is related to the uplifted block of the Tsil'ma Kamen. ...
... A thick cone caused by intrusion and eruption of basalts was registered around the uplift located to the east of the Rudyanka River along the eastern boundary of the Timan Ridge. On this territory, the sequence is mostly composed of rhythmic red rocks; however, the cycles are characterized by well-expressed and variegated horizons of ancient pedogenesis localized at the tops of the cyclites (Shumilov, 2013(Shumilov, , 2014Shumilov and Mingalev, 2009). ...
... A larger fan is outlined around the highland located east of the Rudyanka River along the eastern boundary of the Timan Ridge produced by the intrusion and effusion of basalts. The sequence is represented here mainly by the red-colored rhythmic rocks, but cycles in this area are marked by the prominent and variegated horizons of paleopedogenesis at the roofs of rhythms (Shumilov, 2013(Shumilov, , 2014Shumilov and Mingalev, 2009). ...
The results of bio- and lithostratigraphic studies of the Givetian-Frasnian rocks in the Tsil’ma River basin are reported. They suggest regularities in sedimentation: distinct rhythmicity and similar succession in the structure of formations. We have identified five palynocomplexes that characterize the formations and make it possible to accomplish a confident biostratigraphic subdivision of sections. Their correlation with coeval complexes in the adjacent areas has been accomplished. The results made it possible to unravel specific features of miospore assemblages formed in the continental and coastal-marine facies.
... Шумилова, в районе исследований обнаружены богатые макрофлористические комплексы: открыто новое местонахождение древесины археоптерисовых (Орлова и др., 2011). Выявлена широкая распространенность среди углефицированных растительных остатков нового вида гагата (Шумилов, 2015); описаны палеопочвенные комплексы, отличающиеся хорошей сохранностью ввиду отсутствия наложенных процессов катагенеза, бескарбонатностью отложений, присутствием в большинстве профилей инситных корневых систем (Shumilov, Mingalev, 2009;Shumilov, 2010Shumilov, , 2013; обнаружено широкое развитие глеевого катагенеза, сопровождавшего древний педогенез и рудные концентрации меди. Проведенные исследования позволяют рассматривать Средний Тиман в качестве эталонного "полигона" для изучения глобальных эволюционных процессов, связанных с формированием наземной растительности, палеопочв, новых форм ландшафтов и гипергенного медного рудообразования. ...
... При этом слоистые коричневые глины сменяются вверх по разрезу осадками, сложенными глиняными обломками песчаной и гравийной размерности. Здесь же широко развиты древние педокомплексы с хорошо проработанными палеопочвами через каждые 1-2 м по вертикали (Shumilov, 2010(Shumilov, , 2013. В районе р. ...
The results of bio- and lithostratigraphic study of Sargaevo deposits in the Tsil’ma River basin are discussed. The palynological data used for biostratigraphic subdivision of the section provide grounds for defining the miospore assemblage corresponding to the regional miospore Cristatisporites pseudodeliquescens Zone. It is established that deposits of the Sargaevo regional stage are distributed almost through the entire Tsil’ma River basin. They are characterized by distinct lithological features and may serve as a stratigraphic reference unit in field investigations.
... Records of Devonian paleosols from Russia are rare (e.g. Shumilov and Mingalev, 2009;Shumilov, 2010Shumilov, , 2013. The present study describes middleÀlate Devonian pedocomplexes from the eastern flank of the Voronezh crystalline massif by adding more detailed information to existing preliminary notes on sedimentary disconformities, fossil plant, and spore associations from this thin sedimentary succession of GivetianÀFrasnian age (Rodionova et al., 1995;Raskatova, 1990Raskatova, , 2004. ...
... Well preserved Paleozoic rooting systems were found (Morris et al., 2015) along with other in situ vegetation in parts of North American territory. Two types of fine (up to 6 mm in diameter), coalified roots with non-preserved tissues in late Devonian paleosols of Timan (Russia) were found by Shumilov (2010Shumilov ( , 2013. ...
Abstract—Land colonization with vascular plants during the late Silurian�early Devonian and then
arborescence during the Pragian�Givetian caused the development of new soil types. These true-rooted
soils increased the rate of pedogenesis on a global scale. Since that time, soil has become a key component
of the biosphere and has given rise to profound development of the Earth’s Critical Zone (CZ). Case studies
of Devonian CZs have helped to record the transformation from Precambrian�Lower Paleozoic ‘proto-
CZs,’ which had insufficient proto-soil cover, to modern soils with true-rooted pedosphere. Devonian
(Givetian�Frasnian) paleosols from the Voronezh region of Russia are combined into pedocomplexes
which occupied the top, slope, and bottom positions of a pronounced paleo-relief. Paleosols were
developed from terrigenous argillites and volcanigenic-sedimentary deposits. Each pedocomplex consisted
of four or more paleosols with different degrees of development and profile preservation. Paleosols
exhibited several common characteristics including production and translocation of clay, ferruginization
and the presence of siderite nodules, enhanced MnO/Al2O3 and Fe2O3+MnO/Al2O3 values, and in situ
roots and root-system traces. The latter are siderite/goethite substituted. Stable isotope analysis of siderite
shows d13C values of between �6.1 and �13.7% indicating that CO2 had originated from C3 plants. The
main mineral component of clay fractions in automorphic paleosols (top and slope of the paleorelief) is
kaolinite. The important feature of these paleosols is the red-stained hematite-rich layer in their bases.
These horizons developed at different depths and with different thicknesses, and marked the paleogroundwater
tables of each sub-CZ. Evidence of the imprints of vegetation is seen in the abundant in situ
roots, plant fragments, and spores of rhyniophytes, lycopsids, progymnosperms, cladoxylalean ferns, and
phytoleims of algae-like vascular plants. The near-equatorial location and the overall characteristics of
paleosols studied suggest that the afore mentioned horizons were formed in a tropically warm and humid
climate. The paleo-ecological environments which accompanied pedogenesis were probably controlled by
tectonic activity and volcanism.
Key Words—Central Devonian Field, Clay Mineralogy, Devonian Paleosols, Devonian Roots,
Mineral Weathering, Paleo-Critical Zone, Voronezh Anteclise.
... In the proximal areas of alluvial fans, red rocks are mainly represented by clay gritstone, and in the distal areas, by clays, silts, log thin lenses of cross-bedded sandstones. Sections are composed of elementary cyclites 0.2-1.7 m thick, formed as a result of pulsed (catastrophic) removal of loose residual soil material from uplands in the form of single rubble-mud flows (Shumilov, 2011(Shumilov, , 2013. A characteristic feature of the sediments under consideration is the presence of numerous paleosoil profiles located one above another at an interval of 0.5-2 m and fixing the roofs of cyclites (Shumilov and Mingalev, 2009). ...
A new type of jet from continental Devonian sediments is described. The substrate for gagatization was fragments of Archaeopteris plants, whose burials in sandstone strata are characterized by a kind of spheroidal weathering of organic matter; the material is completely fusainized. This type of jet combines the properties of classical jet and inertinite. The new type of jet was named tsilmanite-after the place of its discovery. © 2015 V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Information on Devonian and Carboniferous paleosols is limited. In this paper, published data (about 50 sources) on findings of these paleosols mostly on the territory of paleocontinents Laurussia and Pangea are summarized. For visualization of this information, sketch maps of paleosol distribution for Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian times have been developed. Their analysis shows that most of Devonian paleosols belonged to the groups of azonal and intrazonal soils; soils of wetlands predominated. The discoveries
of Middle and Late Devonian zonal soils—Oxisols and texturally differentiated Alfisols—in the area of Voronezh High (south Russia) are unique. Most of Mississippian paleosols also belonged to azonal and intrazonal soils. The wide distribution of wetland paleosols in the Mississipian subperiod was also reflected in the increased area of coal basins (8% of land in comparison with 1% in Devonian). In the area of the Moscow sedimentary basin, along with Histosols, zonal paleosols—Spodosols and others—have been described. Pennsylvanian soil cover consisted of azonal, intrazonal, and zonal soils. In North America and Western Europe, swampy soils were still widely distributed (22% of land was occupied by coal basins). Oppositely, in the area of the Moscow sedimentary basin, Pennsylvanian paleosols of semiarid and arid ranges with palygorskite as the major clay mineral were widely present. The differentiation of Pennsylvanian soil cover of Laurussia and Pangea reflects the changes in climatic zonality of the planet with an increase in the degree of climatic contrast.
Keywords: paleosols, Devonian, Carboniferous, Central Devonian field, Moscow sedimentary basin
