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![Figure 1: Selected plants and their uses [1]. Since the beginning,...](profile/Abdul-Kader-Mohiuddin-2/publication/337323288/figure/fig1/AS:826449586049024@1574052344082/Selected-plants-and-their-uses-1-Since-the-beginning-plants-have-filled-in-as_Q320.jpg)
Medicinal plants, are known to deliver a wide scope of Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs) connected as bug sprays, medications, colors and poisons in farming, prescription, industry and bio-fighting in addition to bio-fear mongering, separately. Be that as it may, creation of PSMs is for the most part in little amounts, so we have to discover novel...
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Current findings of neighboring genes involved in plant specialized metabolism provide the genomic signatures of metabolic evolution. Two such genomic features, namely, (i) metabolic gene cluster and (ii) neo-functionalization of tandem gene duplications, represent key factors corresponding to the creation of metabolic diversity of plant specialize...
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... In addition to their involvement in plant physiology, secondary metabolites are also beneficial to humans as the source of food and medicine and serve as raw materials for various industries like cosmetics, textile, agriculture, etc. (Guerriero et al. 2018). Plants secondary metabolites comprise of structurally diverse natural products that belonged to different chemical groups including terpenoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, peptides, flavonoids, steroids lignans, etc. (Abegaz and Kinfe 2020;Mohiuddin 2019). These metabolites are known to possess a wide variety of biological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anticancerous, antidiabetic, antiviral, etc. (Jain et al. 2019;Seca and Pinto 2019). ...
Genus Plantago of Plantaginaceae family is bestowed with a repertoire of structurally diverse secondary metabolites that have not only been used as therapeutics but also effect the plant physiology by conferring adaptive advantages under stress. Assuming that domestication process in plants has influenced their secondary metabolites, we performed a comparative transcriptome of wild and cultivated species of Plantago to analyze the variation in the expression of genes related to secondary metabolite pathways. GO and KEGG analysis of DEGs in wild species showed their enrichment in abiotic stresses, oxidation–reduction and secondary metabolite related pathways. Overall, we found upregulation of genes of carotenoid, flavonoid and phenylpropanoid, isoprenoid, terpenoid and alkaloid pathways in wild species of Plantago in particular, P. lanceolata while mucilage pathway-related genes showed higher expression in P. ovata. Moreover, transcriptome data presented putative transcription factors associated with terpenoids, carotenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways which were also identified using co-expression analysis of cluster 9 (secondary metabolite enriched gene cluster). Taken together, the genomic resource obtained from the present study form a valuable repository of genetic information for elucidating and exploring the secondary metabolic circuitry of Plantagos. Further, information on the regulatory aspects of genes related to secondary metabolites, shall aid in the enhanced production of valuable metabolites in these plants.
... It has been reported that there are three existing structured pathways for conducting metabolism in amino acids: the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP)/glycolysis (Mohiuddin 2019) existing in every living cell (bacterial, fungal, plant, yeast, and animal cells), the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, and the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway. The final product of EMP is two molecules of pyruvate via formation of triose phosphate (Hussain et al. 2012;Naik and Al-Khayri 2016a, b). ...
... These natural products are synthesized in response to various kinds of (a) biotic stresses, along with completion of important physiological roles, like enticing pollinators and establishment of symbiotic relationship, even to strengthen structural components like lignifications of cell walls of vascular tissues (Ncube and Van Staden 2015). The highly diverse and extensive crucial secondary metabolites, like terpenes, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids, are categorized according to their biosynthetic pathway (Mohiuddin 2019;Singh and Sharma 2015). ...
... Various customized uses and side effect-abided properties of natural compounds made them commercialized leading to harnessing of particular plant species survival on this planet in question. Plants secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized in little amounts, and increased applications of bioactives as bio-fear mongering, medications, colors industry, bio-fighting, poisons in farming bug sprays, and prescription (Mohiuddin 2019) unconnectedly enforced researchers to discover novel and effective approaches and methods to increase both the quantity and efficacy as per rising demands. ...
In this decade, the focus of scientific communities is towards novel molecules with tremendous therapeutic benefits. They are raw house of flavors, and fragrances, dyes, and many important drugs which are processed based on them to combat various disorders. So it has attracted the global scientific community as they produce or engineer to innovate novel compounds with least toxicity. Engineering of plant secondary metabolism is viable recently, but it requires the acquaintance of biosynthetic metabolic routes responsible for their synthesis. To enhance their production, various protocols need to be followed substantially such as plummeting the flux through competitive routes, overexpression of regulatory genes, and decreasing catabolism overcoming rate-limiting steps. For this purpose different genes from plants can be isolated and overexpressed, including microflora diversity which has rich potential of different phytochemicals. Overexpression of plant genes in microorganisms is another approach, which requires keen research for the transformation of voluntarily obtainable precursors into valuable natural products. Scarce information about metabolic routes for the synthesis of bioactive compounds and the genes involved is one of the main barriers. Since there is a lot of complicity about chemical structures and these metabolic routes, bioactive compounds have been globally professed as therapeutically nonpotent, and limited attention has been devoted by scientific communities. Further, plant tissue cultures are another route of huge deposits of treasured bioactive compounds recommended in assisting in food nutrition, nutraceuticals, and in drug delivery. The amalgamation of natural products by in vitro values as compared to in vivo is devoid of physicochemical circumstances and eminence vacillations. Sometimes the synthesis of phytochemicals by chemical route is typical and requires extreme expertise. Therefore, the normal food condiments are appreciated and adapted by local communities in contrast to chemically synthesized drugs. Extensive research on natural products enthused innovation of the parting tools, spectroscopic tactics to detailed analyses of structure, and artificial tools which make the basis of current carbon-based studies involved in chemistry.
... Tetraterpenes are also known as carotenoids (Figure 7) that have the molecular formula C 40 H 56 and can be in the category of terpenes because they are made from isoprene units [24]. They are found in all different types of fungi, bacteria, and plants and are mainly responsible for red, yellow, or orange fat-soluble plant and animal pigments [25]. ...
Nowadays, plant-based chemicals have drawn the attention of pharmacy researchers due to their potent biological activity against various ailments. In this series, terpenes and terpenoids are gaining popularity among drug researchers gradually. Terpenes are naturally occurring large and varied class of hydrocarbons substances produced by a wide variety of plants including fruits, vegetables, flowers and some animals. Their concentration is generally high in plants. A broad range of the biological properties of terpenoids includes cancer chemo-preventive effects, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic activities and memory enhancers. Terpenoids are usually cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons, with the altered number of oxygen moieties in the constituent groups attached to the basic isoprene skeleton. Terpenoids are a group of substances that occur in nearly every natural food. Terpenoids display a wide range of biological activities against cancer, malaria, inflammation, tuberculosis and a variety of infectious diseases including viral as well as bacterial. In this chapter, we have emphasized the proven and expected medicinal value of both terpenes and terpenoids.
... Alkaloids, phenolic compounds, steroids, quinone, terpenoids, flavonoids, etc.) are synthesized by endophytic microorganisms and they are extensively used as medicine, aromatics agents, agro-chemicals, anticancer compounds, antitoxins, antioxidants, antiparasitic drugs, recreational drugs, etc. (Rana et al. 2016a, b;Yadav 2017;Yadav et al. 2017). However, the nature, quality and quantity of the secondary metabolites may vary depending on the biotype of the microbes, environmental factors and geographical locations (Firáková et al. 2007;Mohiuddin 2019). Nevertheless, the elucidation of plant-microbe interaction, biochemical and molecular investigation of pathways of secondary metabolites production will enlighten the extensive application of these microorganisms in rhizosphere and endophytes in biotechnological aspects. ...
The role of rhizosphere and endophytic microbes in agriculture is substantial in many ways such as adapting to unfavourable environmental conditions (biotic and abiotic stresses), enhancing the efficiency of phytoremediation, promoting plant growth, alleviating metal stress, and reducing metal phytotoxicity. The molecular mechanisms behind stress alleviation in host plants through the process of beneficial interaction by the rhizosphere and endophytic microorganisms are crucial in the management of stress conditions. At present, many biotechnological approaches are in use to enhance the effectiveness of rhizosphere and endophytic microbes.
... There is a marked variation in secondary metabolite constituents of medicinal plants due to a number of environmental variables such as temperature, altitude, soil type and change of season/rainfall [6][7][8][9][10][11]. The production of a variety of phytochemicals is the most successful adaptation of plants while developing various physiological mechanisms by which they were able to face both biotic and abiotic stress and threats [12][13][14]. The production of secondary metabolites, thus, affords plants, unlike other organisms, the ability to survive different seasonal conditions without hibernation [2]. ...
Traditional healthcare system depends majorly on natural medicinal plants from the environment. These plants produce secondary metabolites which confer on them the various medicinal properties; however, Seasonal fluctuations have impact on their availability and quantity hence their therapeutic efficacy. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of seasonal changes on the quantity of secondary metabolites from Neem and Eucalyptus plants. Leaves and bark of Neem and Eucalyptus plants from SHESTCO, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria, were collected during the four quarters of the year 2019. Samples were dried, milled into powder, quantity of secondary metabolites was estimated and antioxidant activity was analysed using standard methods and protocols. Results from this study showed a variation in secondary metabolite compositions in response to seasons. In both plants' organs, saponin content peaked and crashed during the second and fourth quarters of the year respectively, while alkaloid had the highest content during the fourth quarter of the year. Highest level of tannin was recorded in the leaf and bark of the plants during the third quarter of the year. Antioxidant activity of both plant extracts showed a regular patterned decrease with increasing concentration, with lowest antioxidant activity for both plants' organs recorded during the third quarter. Findings of the study indicate that the quantity of inherent secondary metabolites in the medicinal plants and their corresponding antioxidant activity varies in specific manners at different times of the year due to seasonal variation.
Seasonal factors such as temperature, solar UV-light intensity, and daylight length can induce changes in the water quality properties and, hence, the nutritional compositions of plants. This comparative study was carried out for the consecutive four (4) seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn) to determine the influence of seasonal variations on the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TPC) of the red chili fruit (RCF), red tomato fruit (RTF), green leafy spinach (GLS), and green leafy lettuce (GLL) collected from a coupled commercial aquaponics system. The IC50, TAC, TPC, and TFC concentration levels indicated a significant (P
Aberrant and haphazard use of antibiotics has created the development of antimicrobial resistance which is a bizarre challenge for human civilization. This emerging crisis of antibiotic resistance for microbial pathogens is alarming all the nations posing a global threat to human health. It is difficult to treat bacterial infections as they develop resistance to all antimicrobial resistance. Currently used antibacterial agents inhibit a variety of essential metabolic pathways in bacteria, including macro-molecular synthesis (MMS) pathways (e.g. protein, DNA, RNA, cell wall) most often by targeting a specific enzyme or subcellular component e.g. DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase, ribosomes, transpeptidase. Despite the availability of diverse synthetic molecules, there are still many complications in managing progressive and severe antimicrobial resistance. Currently not even a single antimicrobial agent is available for which the microbes do not show resistance. Thus, the lack of efficient drug molecules for combating microbial resistance requires continuous research efforts to overcome the problem of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The phytochemicals from various plants have the potential to combat the microbial resistance produced by bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses without producing any side effects. This review is a concerted effort to identify some of the major active phytoconstituents from various medicinal plants which might have the potential to be used as an alternative and effective strategy to fight against microbial resistance and can promote research for the treatment of MDR.
Accidents involving venomous snakes affect millions of people a year worldwide, resulting in a large number of deaths. In general, the inefficiency of antiophidic therapy means it can have disadvantages. In this respect, research involving the use of alternative methods, such as testing the potential of plants to neutralize snake venom, has becoming increasingly common. There are a number of reports on the use of medicinal plants for snakebites worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions such as Asia, Africa and South America. Medicinal plants have long been used to counteract snake venom; a practice passed down through the generations in rural communities.The large variety of plant secondary metabolites is appealing to researchers and has led to the discovery of molecules that may be useful to human and animal health. As such, further research is needed to produce new therapies, including assessing target substances, formulating projects and improving current compounds to identify those that would best adapt to the specific needs of each location.
KEYWORDS: Plant extract; Ophidism; Snake venom.
The influences of different extraction methods and the extraction time of total phenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts obtained from the roots of Palisota hirsuta were studied. The extractions were performed by maceration, decoction and Soxhlet method, with absolute ethanol every 30 min (30 min, 1h,1h30 min, 2h and 2h 30). For each extract it was determined the total phenolic content (TPC), the total flavonoid content (TFC), the total condensed tannins (TC), the ability to scavenge DPPH, and Fe3+ reducing power. Soxhlet extraction showed the highest yield extraction. Maceration method led to the highest concentration of phenolics and flavonoids, and also the highest DPPH scavenging activity. However, the highest concentration of condensed tannin and the highest Fe3+ reducing power were obtained by Soxhlet used. Beside in general, the TPC, TC, TFC and antioxidant activity increased when extraction time was increased from 30 min to 2h, but their decreased after 1h30 min for using as decoction and Soxhlet methods.
