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Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) lead function from March 2008 to August 2008. A marked reduction in the impedance of the atrial pacing lead and of the right ventricular pace/sense/defibrillation lead was seen on 6th August 2008, after the patient presented with 2 ICD discharges.
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A young woman with placement of a dual-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and a history of prior cardiac arrest due to congenital long QT syndrome presented with defibrillation caused by a ventricular fibrillation arrest. Routine device interrogation revealed significant lead dysfunction. During device revision, breaches were dete...
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Citations
... Although most of the bioelectronics are made of noncytotoxic and chemically stable materials, accumulated mechanical stresses and aggressive in vivo conditions can degrade the materials in the device, 53 releasing metal ions and debris from fractured parts of the device ( Figure 3F). 54−56 For instance, an electrical current leakage may occur 57 as the insulation layer is degraded, 58−61 or electrodes can lose conductivity due to oxidation. 62−65 Some technical trials, such as delivering anti-inflammatory drugs, 67−69 surface treatments, 70,71 and applying biofriendly interfaces, 72−74 were introduced to reduce such drawbacks. ...
Recent advances in nanostructured materials and unconventional device designs have transformed the bioelectronics from a rigid and bulky form into a soft and ultrathin form and brought enormous advantages to the bioelectronics. For example, mechanical deformability of the soft bioelectronics and thus its conformal contact onto soft curved organs such as brain, heart, and skin have allowed researchers to measure high-quality biosignals, deliver real-time feedback treatments, and lower long-term side-effects in vivo. Here, we review various materials, fabrication methods, and device strategies for flexible and stretchable electronics, especially focusing on soft biointegrated electronics using nanomaterials and their composites. First, we summarize top-down material processing and bottom-up synthesis methods of various nanomaterials. Next, we discuss state-of-the-art technologies for intrinsically stretchable nanocomposites composed of nanostructured materials incorporated in elastomers or hydrogels. We also briefly discuss unconventional device design strategies for soft bioelectronics. Then individual device components for soft bioelectronics, such as biosensing, data storage, display, therapeutic stimulation, and power supply devices, are introduced. Afterward, representative application examples of the soft bioelectronics are described. A brief summary with a discussion on remaining challenges concludes the review.
Nitinol is used as a metallic biomaterial in medical devices due to its shape memory and pseudoelastic properties. The clinical performance of nitinol depends on factors which include the surface finish, the local environment, and the mechanical loads to which the device is subjected. Preclinical evaluations of device durability are performed with fatigue tests while electrochemical characterization methods such as ASTM F2129 are employed to evaluate corrosion susceptibility by determining the rest potential and breakdown potential. However, it is well established that the rest potential of a metal surface can vary with the local environment. Very little is known regarding the influence of voltage on fatigue life of nitinol. In this study, we developed a fatigue testing method in which an electrochemical system was integrated with a rotary bend wire fatigue tester. Samples were fatigued at various strain levels at electropotentials anodic and cathodic to the rest potential to determine if it could influence fatigue life. Wires at potentials negative to the rest potential had a significantly higher number of cycles to fracture than wires held at potentials above the breakdown potential. For wires for which no potential was applied, they had fatigue life similar to wires at negative potentials.
