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Patent boxes have been heavily debated for their role in corporate tax competition. This paper uses firm-level data for the period 2000-2011 for the top 2,000 corporate research and development (R&D) investors worldwide to consider the determinants of patent registration across a large sample of countries. Importantly, we disentangle the effects of...
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... It is not necessary to guarantee high profits to firms as a prerequisite for investment in innovation. A recent JRC evaluation of the 'Patent Box' innovation policy (Alstadsaeter et al., 2015) has shown that it was ineffective in stimulating innovation (although it is often seen as if it was only a policy for tax competition rather than stimulating innovation (Griffith et al., 2010)). To the extent that patent box was genuinely formulated as a policy to stimulate subsequent innovation, the causal arguments in favour of patent box were: firms innovate ? ...
JRC Policy Brief: Disentangling the processes of firm growth and R&D investment
... As shown in Tables 5 and 6, country controls included are significant and enter the equation with the expected sign, 23 both when the PMR indicator is considered as a whole and when its three components are treated separately. In addition, as expected, and in line with previous empirical evidence (Barrios et al., 2012; Alstadsaeter et al., 2015), the tax rate on profits shows a significant negative correlation with the probability of locating in a particular host country. 24 ...
Regulation, red tape and location choices of top R&D investors
This paper investigates how product and labour market regulations and red tape affect the way in which top corporate research and development (R&D) investors worldwide organise their cross-border operations. The decision about where a company locates its international subsidiaries is modelled using location-specific framework conditions, socio-economic factors and other controls commonly used in the economic geography literature. The location decision drivers are estimated using a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression, controlling for both fixed and random effects. Our results confirm that both product market regulation (PMR) and employment protection legislation (EPL) significantly affect the location decisions of top R&D investors, as well as red tape and profit tax. The marginal effect of PMR is by far the largest, followed by EPL; the cost of starting a business and profit tax show lower marginal effects. Moreover, we found that (i) PMR and EPL exert a mutually reinforcing negative effect on the location decision of top R&D investors and (ii) of the three components of the PMR indicator — barriers to trade and investment, state control and barriers to entrepreneurship — the latter is the one with the lowest marginal effect. Policy implications are drawn accordingly
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Corporate author(s): European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Private author(s): Daria Ciriaci, Nicola Grassano, Antonio Vezzani Themes: Industry - Enterprise - Services Target audience: Specialised/Technical Key words: transnational corporation, market organisation, employment policy, cross-border cooperation, research and development, investment, location of industry, joint subsidiary
Copyright belongs to the creative industries as the legal result of the creative process. It can be sold or licensed and often creates income. By its nature, copyright is highly mobile and can easily cross borders, because it can be split off from normal business activities and held as a separate asset. States are interested in stimulating or attracting copyright, as they believe this has a positive effect on their economic activities or because they want to support their artists. States may implement a broad range of tax incentives, which may focus on low-earning creatives, major companies with high copyright income, or anything in between. Copyright income can easily be taxed twice in cross-border situations, a situation that states try to prevent through the use of tax treaties
. This leads to opportunities for international structuring. Limits on this structuring are currently being set internationally with the Anti Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS
) program. However, this should not necessarily affect well-intended copyright tax incentive schemes.
Our concerns about the practice of patenting scientometric techniques began with an electronic notification alerting one of us to a patent titled “Scientometric Methods for Identifying Emerging Technologies”
