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Impact of male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) syndrome on body composition, lipid profile and metabolic pathways. Abbreviations: TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL, interleukin; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease.
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Long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are fundamental biocomponents of lipids and cell membranes. They are involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and they are able to exert anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective actions. Thanks to their potential beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, metabolic axis and body comp...
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Purpose of Review
The purpose of this review is to analyze the link between testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and adverse cardiovascular (CV) events.
Recent Findings
A few published studies suggest a link between TRT and CV events. These studies contained flaws, and many other studies reveal a reduction in CV events. Hypogonadism is associate...
Citations
... Fatty acids could activate TLR4 signaling in adipocytes and macrophages and the capacity of fatty acids to induce inflammatory signaling in adipose cells or tissue and macrophages are blunted in the absence of TLR4 (Rogero & Calder, 2018;Shi et al., 2006), and n-3 fatty acids (like EPA and DHA) are able to inhibit inflammation, including leucocyte chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression, and leucocyte-endothelial adhesive interactions (Calder, 2006(Calder, ,2013. Also, it was reported that PUFAs are effective in inhibiting the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (Noce et al., 2020;Freitas & Campos, 2019;Simopoulos, 2002). The results of this study showed the enrichment of unigenes in YOC with an involvement in the synthesis of n-3 fatty acids, indicating the predominant fatty acid synthesis ability in YOC. ...
Yellow oil mud crab (YOC) is a new variant of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain), which was attracted much attention in recent years due to its high level of nutrition. However, the nutritive values and the physiological changes in YOC have not been clearly understood. In this study, we aimed to identify the nutrient compositions (including total carotenoid content (TCC), total lipid content (TLC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and fatty acids) and differences in genes related to the biosynthesis of fatty acids using transcriptome analysis in YOC in comparison with those of normal mud crabs. As a result, observations on the morphological characteristics showed that the YOC exhibits a difference in the color of the muscle, gills (orange-yellow), and hemolymph (yellow) compared with the normal female crabs (NFC) (blue or nattier blue). The TCC and TLC (84.96 ± 9.65 μg/g in muscle and 1.39 ± 0.10 μg/mL in hemolymph) or TAC (1.52 ± 0.17 mM in hemolymph) of YOC were higher than that of NFC and normal male crab (NMC). YOC had lower saturated fatty acids, but higher unsaturated fatty acids, as well as the ratio of n-3/n-6 of fatty acids in muscle and hemolymph, compared with those of NFC and NMC. Furthermore, the transcriptome profile revealed that the unigenes in YOC were enriched in the synthesis of n-3 fatty acids. Furthermore, more unigenes related to 'Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids' were identified in muscle and hemocytes, while fewer were in the gonads of YOC. Additionally, the positive (in muscle and hemocytes) and a negative correlation (in gonads) between expressions of unigenes and contents of TLC, TCC, and UFA were found, indicating a better synthesis ability of fatty acids in the muscle and hemocytes of YOC. Overall, compared to NFC and NMC, YOC has higher nutrients and is a better food nutrient source for humans.
... Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, able to protect from the cellular damage exerted by harmful oxidative compounds. Noce et al. report in [12] how ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids play a cardioprotective role in male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) patients. Owen et al. in [13] report of their evaluation of the relationship between dietary quality scores and cardiometabolic risk in a group of older Australian adults, that a high intake of vegetables, grains, and non-processed red meat was associated with a better cardiometabolic risk profile. ...
Objective: The objective of the study was to link Swiss food consumption data with demographic data and 30 years of Swiss health data and apply data mining to discover critical food consumption patterns linked with 4 selected chronical diseases like alcohol abuse, blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes. Design: Food consumption databases from a Swiss national survey menuCH were gathered along with data of large surveys of demographics and health data collected over 30 years from Swiss population conducted by Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH). These databases were integrated and Frequent Pattern Growth (FP-Growth) for the association rule mining was applied to the integrated database. Results: This study applied data mining algorithm FP-Growth for association rule analysis. 36 association rules for the 4 investigated chronic diseases were found. Conclusions: FP-Growth was successfully applied to gain promising rules showing food consumption patterns lined with lifestyle diseases and people's demographics such as gender, age group and Body Mass Index (BMI). The rules show that men over 50 years consume more alcohol than women and are more at risk of high blood pressure consequently. Cholesterol and type 2 diabetes is found frequently in people older than 50 years with an unhealthy lifestyle like no exercise, no consumption of vegetables and hot meals and eating irregularly daily. The intake of supplementary food seems not to affect these 4 investigated chronic diseases
... Furthermore, analyzing the effects of omega-3 in the field of fertility, Esmaeili et al. expressed in their review the key role of these micronutrients in the antioxidant and antiinflammatory pathways driven by PPAR-γ and their related effects on semen quality [44], whereas Noce et al. proposed an interesting supplementary treatment based on omega-3 for the male obesity secondary hypogonadism [45]. Instead, for female fertility, Gaskins et al. theorized the impact of omega-3 in PCOS-associated infertility, closely related to insulin resistance [59]. Yang et al. based their study on the relationship between omega-3 and PCOS-related infertility, with secondary outcomes such as evaluating HOMA index and plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and adiponectin [46]. ...
... Omega-3 fatty acids can ameliorate the oocyte quality and embryo implantation, whereas dietary fatty acids intake is mostly involved in insulin resistance (IR), affecting negatively ovulatory function. Women with a poor intake of dietary omega-3 fatty acids had lower fecundability than women with an omega-3 rich diet [59]. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this umbrella review is to bring together the most recent reviews concerning the role of immunonutrients for male and female infertility.
Methods
Regarding immunonutrients and fertility, the authors have analyzed reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2011 and June 2021. All reviews on animal or in vitro studies were excluded. Relevant keywords to term micronutrients were analyzed alone or in association with other terms such as “gamete competence,” “male OR female fertility,” “male OR female infertility,” “fertile, “folliculogenesis,” “spermatogenesis,” “immunomodulation,” “immune system,” “oxidative stress.”
Results
The primary research has included 108 results, and after screening by title, abstract. and not topic-related, 41 studies have been included by full texts. The results show the molecular mechanisms and the immunonutrients related impact on gamete formation, development. and competence. In particular, this review focused on arginine, glutamine, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, omega-3, selenium, and zinc.
Conclusions
Inflammation and oxidative stress significantly impact human reproduction. For this reason, immunonutrients may play an important role in the treatment of infertile patients. However, due to the lack of consistent clinical trials, their application is limited. Therefore, the development of clinical trials is necessary to define the correct supplementation, in case of deficiency.
... The consumption of EVOO and nuts makes the MD rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), while maintaining a low intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) deriving from foods such as dairy products and meat [79]. Both MUFAs and PUFAs are associated with numerous health benefits [89][90][91]. In addition, the MD is rich in foods with high content of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, capable of preventing various diseases related to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation state. ...
Metabolic acidosis is a severe complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is associated with nefarious impairments such as bone demineralization, muscle wasting, and hormonal alterations, for example, insulin resistance. Whilst it is possible to control this condition with alkali treatment, consisting in the oral administration of sodium citrate or sodium bicarbonate, this type of intervention is not free from side effects. On the contrary, opting for the implementation of a targeted dietetic-nutritional treatment for the control of CKD metabolic acidosis also comes with a range of additional benefits such as lipid profile control, increased vitamins, and antioxidants intake. In our review, we evaluated the main dietary-nutritional regimens useful to counteract metabolic acidosis, such as the Mediterranean diet, the alkaline diet, the low-protein diet, and the vegan low-protein diet, analyzing the potentialities and limits of every dietary-nutritional treatment. Literature data suggest that the Mediterranean and alkaline diets represent a valid nutritional approach in the prevention and correction of metabolic acidosis in CKD early stages, while the low-protein diet and the vegan low-protein diet are more effective in CKD advanced stages. In conclusion, we propose that tailored nutritional approaches should represent a valid therapeutic alternative to counteract metabolic acidosis.
... Moreover, beneficial biological activities of polyphenols recovered from olive oil by-products and leaves have been described [21,22]. MPCs seem to exert a preventive and adjuvant action against CNCDs [23,[25][26][27][28][29]. The study and analysis of the clinical and preclinical evidence of the cardiovascular beneficial effects of each constituent has been presented in Ref. [30]. ...
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is defined as a functional food as it contains numerous phenolic components with well-recognized health-beneficial properties, such as high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. These characteristics depend on their structural/conformational behavior, which is largely determined by intra- and intermolecular H-bond interactions. While the vibrational dynamics of isolated compounds have been studied in a number of recent investigations, their signal in a real-life sample of EVOO is overwhelmed by the major constituent acids. Here, we provide a full characterization of the vibrational spectroscopic signal from commercially available EVOO samples using Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) and Raman spectroscopies. The spectra are dominated by CH2 vibrations, especially at about 750 cm-1 and 1300 cm-1. By comparison with the spectra from hydroxytyrosol and other minor phenolic compounds, we show that the best regions in which to look for the structure-activity information related to the minor polar compounds is at 675 and 1200 cm-1 for hydroxytyrosol, and around 450 cm-1 for all minor polar compounds used as reference, especially if a selectively deuterated sample is available. The regional origin of the EVOO samples investigated appears to be related to the different amount of phenolic esters versus acids as reflected by the relative intensities of the peaks at 1655 and 1747 cm-1.
... In fact, some reviews and original articles have confirmed the cardioprotective role exerted by different dietary patterns and by natural bioactive compounds [33]. In particular, how a personalized Mediterranean diet in women can exert a positive action on the cardiovascular system [34], how ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids play a cardioprotective role in male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) patients [35], and how a caloric restriction diet can protect against organ damage induced by arterial hypertension, improving endothelial dysfunction [36]. Another study evaluated the possible relationship between dietary quality scores and cardiometabolic risk in a group of older Australian adults, demonstrating that a high intake of vegetables, grains, and non-processed red meat was associated with a better cardiometabolic risk profile [37]. ...
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are non-infectious chronic pathologies [...]
... In fact, PBDs are generally rich in linoleic acid (e.g., flaxseed/linseed oils, chia seeds, flaxseed raw) that is able to reduce the conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) to EPA and DHA [77,78]. Other authors speculate that in vegans the mean ALA intake is at, or close, to an adequate intake (AI), namely 1.1 g/day in females and 1.6 g/day in males [77,79,80]. Therefore, the vegan diet, characterized by a low intake of ω-3 fatty acids, should be supported by oral food supplements such as microalgae supplements containing DHA, as well as by a regular consumption of foods with high ALA content in order to guarantee an optimal intake of these fatty acids. ...
... Therefore, to obtain the best beneficial effect on lipid metabolism, it is necessary to replace SFAs with unsaturated fats. The intake of PUFA as very long chain ω-3 (EPA and DHA) in vegan diet is allowed by fish oil intake (if necessary, also as oral food supplement) and it has no substantial effect on LDL-C, while affecting the concentrations of TG, that are lower in a dose-dependent manner [80,113,176]. For this reason, a PBD for HDL-C control seems to be more effective. ...
Plant-based diets (PBDs) are increasingly consumed by the Italian population and around the world. In particular, among PBDs, the vegan diet is a food pattern characterized by the exclusion of all animal-origin foods. What drives people to adopt this model are mainly ethical, health and environmental reasons. A vegan diet, if well-balanced and varied, can help in achieving and maintaining an optimal state of health. However, this nutritional approach, if not well-balanced, can cause deficiencies in proteins, ω-3 fatty acids, iron, vitamin D and calcium, zinc, iodine and, above all, vitamin B12. Oral food supplements especially fortified foods are recommended in these cases to restore the nutritional deficiencies. A vegan diet generally reduces the risk of developing chronic non-communicable degenerative diseases, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) and, in addition, requires fewer natural resources for food production than an omnivorous diet. The aim of this review is to analyze the possible impact of the vegan diet on MetS onset and its treatment.
... Nuts are, in fact, functional foods rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as well as fiber, folate, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Their action on body weight control would seem to be exerted by an increase in the sense of satiety [63, 64,79,80]. Furthermore, the consumption of nuts has beneficial effects in the control of glucose and lipid metabolism, making them an excellent food for the MetS management [81]. ...
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical manifestation characterized by a plethora of comorbidities, including hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia. All MetS comorbidities participate to induce a low-grade inflammation state and oxidative stress, typical of this syndrome. MetS is related to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and early death, with an important impact on health-care costs. For its clinic management a poly-pharmaceutical therapy is often required, but this can cause side effects and reduce the patient’s compliance. For this reason, finding a valid and alternative therapeutic strategy, natural and free of side effects, could represent a useful tool in the fight the MetS. In this context, the use of functional foods, and the assumption of natural bioactive compounds (NBCs), could exert beneficial effects on body weight, blood pressure and glucose metabolism control, on endothelial damage, on the improvement of lipid profile, on the inflammatory state, and on oxidative stress. This review focuses on the possible beneficial role of NBCs in the prevention and in the clinical management of MetS and its comorbidities.
... Ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their multiple protective effects against CV and inflammatory diseases [138]. Smith et al. [139] conducted a study on 16 elderly patients without a noteworthy pathology subdividing them into two subgroups (group 1 and group 2). ...
Uremic sarcopenia is a frequent condition present in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and is characterized by reduced muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Uremic sarcopenia is related to an increased risk of hospitalization and all-causes mortality. This pathological condition is caused not only by advanced age but also by others factors typical of CKD patients such as metabolic acidosis, hemodialysis therapy, low-grade inflammatory status and inadequate protein-energy intake. Currently, treatments available to ameliorate uremic sarcopenia include nutritional therapy (oral nutritional supplement, inter/intradialytic parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, high protein and fiber diet and percutaneous endoscopic gastrectomy) and a personalized program of physical activity. The aim of this review is to analyze the possible benefits induced by nutritional therapy alone or in combination with a personalized program of physical activity, on onset and/or progression of uremic sarcopenia.
... Moreover, beyond the well-known cardioprotective properties, several authors, in the last decade, investigated the interaction between ω-3 dietary consumption and gut microbiota composition in order to identify changes in the composition of microbial species resident in the host. The role of ω-3 on the gut microbiota would seem to modulate the inflammatory response which lies at the base of several chronic non-communicable degenerative diseases (CNCDDs), such as atherosclerosis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus, male obesity secondary hypogonadism etc. [63][64][65][66]. Moreover, several studies speculate that the microbiota-PUFA ω-3 interaction is capable of modulating the immune system and inflammatory status [60,67]. ...
Gut microbiota changes correlate with health status. Literature data on gut microbiota show that all dietary changes can induce the alteration of gut microbiota composition. Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated with a reduction of all-cause mortality and in this review, we analyzed its interactions with human microbiota. In particular, we explored the modulation of the human microbiota, in response to MD adherence, focusing the attention on polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ω-3 and fiber. Evidences suggest that MD is able to modulate the gut microbiota, increasing its diversity. In fact, a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern is associated with specific gut microbiota characteristics. The available evidence, suggests that gut microbiota of subjects that follow a MD is significantly different from subjects that follow a Western diet model. In fact, the latter show an increased gut permeability, which is responsible for metabolic endotoxemia. For this reason, we can speculate that the gut microbiota of the subjects following a MD is able to prevent the onset of chronic non-communicable degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer. However, in order to understand these correlations with dietary patterns, controlled intervention studies on the gut microbiota composition and activity are needed.
