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... La mayoría de los migrantes en tránsito por México hacia los EEUU provienen de tres países: Guatemala, El Salvador y Honduras (Brick et al., 2011;EMIF Sur 2017y 2018Ward y Betalova, 2023), mismos países en los que México ha propuesto el Programa Sembrando Vida en Centroamérica. En lo que sigue la atención se concentra en dicha área, que por su ubicación geográfica también se denominan del Triángulo Norte de Centroamérica (TNCA). ...
... La migración grupal se ha interpretado como una forma de protección mutua ante los riesgos que corren los migrantes en su trayecto (Paris, 2017; OIM, 2019) y como una estrategia de supervivencia ante la inestabilidad político-económica e inseguridad en el TNCA (Torre, 2019;Ocman Ayuda en Acción, 2021; Astles, 2021). El destino principal de los migrantes del TNCA ha sido los Estados Unidos de América (EEUU) y la forma predominante es entrar por tierra, de manera indocumentada, por la frontera mexicana del sur, atravesando territorio mexicano para llegar a la frontera con los EEUU (Brick et al., 2011 La Ley de Migración mexicana fija su acento en el respeto a los derechos humanos (DDHH), un principio fundamental, al ser México lugar de origen, destino y tránsito de migrantes. Como espacio de tránsito, los flujos crecientes de migrantes del TNCA, han impuesto considerables retos para lograr una gestión ágil y expedita en las fronteras sur y norte 11 , con limitaciones en el marco de acción, dadas las relaciones económicas entre México y los EEUU (Santiago Cruz, 2022) y los crecientes controles y restricciones de entrada a los EEUU (Capps et al., 2017;Chisti et al., 2023). ...
Resumen: México propuso en diciembre 2018 un Plan de Desarrollo Integral para Centroamérica, con el objetivo de generar procesos de desarrollo local y atender in situ las causas de la migración hacia los Estados Unidos de América (EEUU). Un programa central de la colaboración mexicana es Sembrando Vida, que busca revitalizar las economías locales rurales, incrementando el ingreso y la producción agrícola para la autosuficiencia alimentaria. Este documento analiza los alcances del programa a partir de su incidencia en las causas de la migración, los requisitos institucionales y financieros para implementarlo y los actores y capacidades necesarias. Inicialmente se presenta el contexto socioeconómico actual de la migración. El segundo apartado analiza el programa, su institucionalidad y sus actores, continuando en el apartado 3 con una valoración de los resultados. Se concluye con algunas reflexiones respecto a la pertinencia y posibilidades de coordinación de políticas públicas que buscan incidir en problemas complejos, como es la migración centroamericana.
... Such notable differences in the distribution of stage at diagnosis are highly suggestive of disparities within Hispanics that are critical for understanding cancer patterns in this population. US immigrants from Mexico and Central America tend to be highly vulnerable populations, with lower socio-economic status and lower levels of education and English language proficiency compared to other foreign-born groups, all considerably lower than their US-born counterparts [43]. Tailored public health measures, such as lung cancer screening and prevention strategies, are needed for more vulnerable groups. ...
Simple Summary
Lung cancer incidence patterns and clinical characteristics across the heterogeneous non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic racial–ethnic populations of the United States (US) are understudied. This characterization of lung cancer rates across US minority populations is important for targeting clinical and public health measures in high-risk populations. The aim of our population-based study is to assess lung cancer heterogeneity among these populations by detailed race–ethnicity or nativity (e.g., Cubans, Mexicans, Caribbean-born Blacks) using all lung cancer cases from the Florida state cancer registry, 2012–2018, and computing, for the first time, age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR) for each population. AAIRs among Blacks and Hispanics vary approximately 3-fold between detailed groups and highlight the need to look beyond aggregate groups for tailored approaches in the fight against lung cancer. The implications of these findings are significant for public health surveillance and for clinical professionals working with diverse US populations.
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) incidence rates and tumor characteristics among (non-Hispanic) Black and Hispanic detailed groups, normally characterized in aggregate, have been overlooked in the US. We used LC data from the Florida state cancer registry, 2012–2018, to compute LC age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR) for US-born Black, Caribbean-born Black, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, and Central and South American populations. We analyzed 120,550 total LC cases. Among Hispanics, Cuban males had the highest AAIR (65.6 per 100,000; 95%CI: 63.6–67.6), only 8% [Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR): 0.92; 95%CI: 0.89–0.95] lower than Whites, but 2.7 (IRR 95%CI: 2.31-3.19) times higher than Central Americans. Among Blacks, the AAIR for US-born Black males was over three times that of those Caribbean-born (IRR: 3.12; 95%CI: 2.80–3.40) and 14% higher than White males (IRR: 1.14; 95%CI: 1.11–1.18). Among women, US-born Blacks (46.4 per 100,000) and foreign-born Mexicans (12.2 per 100,000) had the highest and lowest rates. Aggregation of non-Hispanic Blacks or Hispanics obscures inherent disparities within groups. Understanding the distinct LC rates in US populations is crucial for targeting public health measures for LC diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Further LC research exploring detailed race–ethnicity regarding LC in never-smokers is necessary, particularly among females and considering pertinent environmental factors.
... Otra característica interesante de los migrantes centroamericanos en Estados Unidos es que, al igual que los mexicanos, tienen tasas de naturalización muy bajas en comparación con otros migrantes. Se ha encontrado también que los centroamericanos, en comparación con migrantes de otros países y al igual que los mexicanos, son más jóvenes y presentan un porcentaje más elevado de hombres (Brick et al., 2011). ...
... Respecto a la participación laboral, varios autores coinciden en señalar que los centroamericanos tienen una tasa de participación laboral más alta que los nativos en Estados Unidos (Terrazas, 2011y Brick et al., 2011. Terrazas estima que la participación laboral de los hombres centroamericanos es de 89% frente a un 80% en el caso de los migrantes provenientes de otros países. ...
... Los hombres, en cambio, generalmente trabajaban bajo condiciones arduas y en lugares peli-grosos: limpiando ventanas en rascacielos, quitando asbesto, trabajo de jardinería, etc. Veinticinco años después, los salvadoreños continúan concentrados en nichos industriales que se caracterizan por sus bajos salarios y sus pobres e inciertas condiciones de trabajo (Landolt y Da, 2005). De hecho, se ha señalado que los hombres centroamericanos en Estados Unidos están sobrerrepresentados en trabajos de baja calificación como la construcción, extracción, transporte y servicios (Terrazas, 2011y Brick et al., 2011. ...
Con datos de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 y de los censos de 2010 y 2000, este trabajo analiza la integración laboral de los trabajadores procedentes del triángulo norte de Centroamérica en México y presenta evidencia de que sus salarios y prestaciones han sido más altos que los de los trabajadores mexicanos comparables, en grupos de inmigrantes y periodos determinados. Para comprobar los resultados controlando por efectos fijos temporales y por condiciones de demanda, se estimaron ecuaciones de salarios con los datos de los censos y la encuesta intercensal integrados y de manera separada para migrantes y nativos.
... Los salvadoreños constituyen ahora una de las poblaciones de migrantes más [ deportables en los Estados Unidos: el 46 % de la población nacida en el extranjero es indocumentada y otro 25 % tiene estados temporales o parciales sin condiciones para obtener la ciudadanía (Brick, Challinor, & Rosenblum, 2011) y (Brown & Patten, 2014). Por lo tanto, entre los migrantes nacidos en El Salvador, el 71 % no son ciudadanos y están sujetos a deportación si cometen delitos. ...
La llegada de Donald Trump en 2016 a la presidencia de EEUU generó expectativas de deportaciones masivas para El Salvador. Este trabajo documental y descriptivo intenta identificar el flujo de las deportaciones de salvadoreños durante 2019, caracterizar un perfil aproximado del deportado (a) e identificar algunos programas estatales/gubernamentales de atención y ayuda a las personas deportadas/retornadas. Para la identificación del flujo de deportaciones se consultó los registros de la Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería (DGME) para caracterizar el perfil aproximado de las personas deportadas. Sin embargo, como no se cuenta con bases de datos nacionales, se consultó la Encuesta sobre Migración en la Frontera Sur de México (Emif Sur), administrada a personas salvadoreñas deportadas («devueltas» en la jerga mexicana de la encuesta) por autoridades estadounidenses, durante los años 2018-2019. Para la identificación de programas y proyectos de apoyo se realizó un rastreo de los sitios web de las instituciones público estatales. En ellos se encontró una variación de 205,948 entradas más durante 2019 que 2018 y 215,464 salidas más en la comparación de los mismos años. También, hubo 3,235 deportaciones más por vía aérea y 7,277 más por vía terrestre para un total de 10,512 deportaciones más que 2018. Se obtuvo un perfil aproximado, aplicando una serie de variables compatibles con la encuesta Emif Sur y se identificaron algunos programas de atención. Se concluye que las deportaciones no han sido masivas como se esperaba, el perfil de los deportados está caracterizado por la intención de regresar, por temor e incertidumbre al retorno. Además, los programas de atención y apoyo locales son insuficientes
... On the one hand, the growing number of Guatemalans living in the U.S. created the category of patients from Guatemala who visit the country for medical procedures. Immigrants from Guatemala represent the sixth largest Hispanic population living in the United States, 2% of the Hispanic population in 2010 (Brick, 2011). Between 2000 and 2017, the Guatemalan population increased by 255%. ...
Abstract: In the contemporary environment whose main feature implies
constant and unpredictable change in competition, companies have to
pay additional attention to the time and resources both financial and
human resources in order to be capable of measuring success
performances in their organization. Such a state of the contemporary
environment has led to the situation where, apart from the financial
aspects of doing business, an organization also has to monitor the other
key performance elements, where traditional financial indicators are
considered as insufficient for the current environment, which makes
performance measurement systems much more complex. The BSC
represents the model that came to light in 1990, when Kaplan and Norton
conducted a research study entitled: “Performance Measurement in the
Organization of the Future.” The main reason why Kaplan and Norton
conducted the research study was the belief that the financial
performance measures were inappropriate for the modern business
operations of organizations given the fact that the then organizations
were exclusively using financial measures to manage their business
operations based upon historical data. The BSC model proposed by
Kaplan and Norton is a management tool supportive of the successful
implementation of corporate strategies. This was discussed and broadly
considered in practice and research. Connecting operational and
nonfinancial corporate activities with the causal chains in the context of
a company’s long-term strategy, the BSC supports the compliance and
management of all corporate activities in compliance with their strategic
relevance. The balanced scorecard enables taking into consideration the
nonmonetary strategic success factors, which exert a significant
influence on an organization’s economic success. The BSC is therefore a
promising starting point which also includes ecological and social
aspects in the main management system of an organization.
... The program offered government support to recruit workers from Mexico to US on a temporary visa. Moreover, the Mexicans still migrate to the US even in this century because they are attracted by the economy of the US and that is where opportunities are (Brick et al. 2011). This is also supported by Bloch (2010), who indicates that Migrants cross illegally into South Africa to meet the demand for cheap and seasonal noncontractual labor that undocumented migrants can offer in certain sectors of the economy, especially on farms in Northern Limpopo, so there is a demand and a supply that deportations are not quelling. ...
This paper maps out the strategy that both Zimbabweans and Mexicans use to migrate to their neighboring countries in order to alleviate poverty. Both South Africa and United States of America have witnessed an increase in a cross-border migration whereby illegal and legal migrants cross the border to find greener pastures in different parts of the countries. Limpopo shares the borders with Zimbabwe and in the United States; California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas share the borders with Mexico. The high flow of immigrants to South Africa from Zimbabwe and United States of America from Mexico is mainly caused by the economic hardships in their home countries. Most migrants are youth, both males and females, and adult males who left their families back home and came to South Africa and America to find work and be able to support their siblings and children back in Zimbabwe and in Mexico. This is a conceptual paper; therefore, the author identifies the gap and relies on what is already documented but not addressing the issues of migration and poverty. The study aims to show the similarities between the Mexican immigrants and Zimbabwean immigrants while looking at how poverty encourages international human mobility. Findings from the study demonstrate that poverty is a push factor to migration. A large number of people from poor countries migrate to countries with good economies and opportunities with the aim of being employed so they can support their families in their own countries and some even start businesses and investments.
... Furthermore, members of these subgroups have much lower levels of education, tend to be employed as essential workers or migrant workers, and live below the poverty line. 21 In the absence of directly collecting traditional indicators of socio-economic status and critical SDOH www.thelancet.com Vol xx Month xx, 2021 measures that differentiate individual and population abilities to take preventive and protective actions like socially distancing, wearing masks, and receiving COVID-19 vaccines, the country/region of origin measure provides a partial insight into these inequities. ...
Background
Oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) incidence is rising rapidly among men in the United States of America (USA). We aimed to project the impact of maintaining the current HPV vaccination uptake and achieving 80% national (Healthy People) goal on OPC incidence and burden.
Methods
We developed an open-cohort micro-simulation model of OPC natural history among contemporary and future birth cohorts of men, accounting for sexual behaviors, population growth, aging, and herd immunity. We used data from nationally representative databases, cancer registries from all 50 states, large clinical trials, and literature. We evaluated the status quo scenario (the current HPV vaccination uptake remained stable) and alternative scenarios of improvements in uptake rates in adolescents (aged 9-17 years) and young adults (aged 18-26 years) by 2025 to achieve and maintain the 80% goal. The primary outcome was to project OPC incidence and burden from 2009 to 2100. We also assessed the impact of disruption in HPV vaccine uptake during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Findings
OPC incidence is projected to rise until the mid-2030s, reaching the age-standardized incidence rate of 9·8 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·5-10·1) per 100 000 men, with the peak annual burden of 23 850 (UI, 23 200-24 500) cases. Under the status quo scenario, HPV vaccination could prevent 124 000 (UI, 117 000-131 000) by 2060, 400 000 (UI, 384 000-416 000) by 2080, and 792 000 (UI, 763 000-821 000) by 2100 OPC cases among men. Achievement and maintenance of 80% coverage among adolescent girls only, adolescent girls and boys, and adolescents plus young adults could prevent an additional number of 100 000 (UI, 95 000-105 000), 118 000 (UI, 113 000-123 000), and 142 000 (UI, 136 000-148 000) male OPC cases by 2100. Delayed recovery of the HPV vaccine uptake during the COVID-19 pandemic could lead to 600 (UI, 580-620) to 6200 (UI, 5940-6460) additional male OPC cases by 2100, conditional on the decline in the extent of the national HPV vaccination coverage and potential delay in rebounding.
Interpretation
Oropharyngeal cancer burden is projected to rise among men in the USA. Nationwide efforts to achieve the HPV vaccination goal of 80% coverage should be a public health priority. Rapid recovery of the declined HPV vaccination uptake during the COVID-19 pandemic is also crucial to prevent future excess OPC burden.
Funding
National Cancer Institute and National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the USA
... Furthermore, members of these subgroups have much lower levels of education, tend to be employed as essential workers or migrant workers, and live below the poverty line. 21 In the absence of directly collecting traditional indicators of socio-economic status and critical SDOH www.thelancet.com Vol 5 Month January, 2022 measures that differentiate individual and population abilities to take preventive and protective actions like socially distancing, wearing masks, and receiving COVID-19 vaccines, the country/region of origin measure provides a partial insight into these inequities. ...
Background
Florida's diverse population composition includes persons from throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. This facilitated an insightful examination of disparities in 2020 Florida COVID-19 deaths not only among racial/ethnic populations in the aggregate (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic) but also at the level of country/region of origin.
Methods
Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) for 2020 Florida COVID-19 deaths were calculated by race, ethnicity, and country/region of origin along with mean age at death, mean number of comorbidities, and percentage of decedents who had not completed secondary education. Regression-derived mortality rate ratios (MRRs) compared death rates for each racial/ethnic/country-of-origin population to non-Hispanic whites.
Findings
The overall AAMR (per 100,000) for 18,342 Florida COVID-19 deaths in 2020 was 55.4, with a much lower AAMR for non-Hispanic Whites (39.3) than for Hispanics (86.8) or Blacks (107.6). Marked differences in AAMRs were observed for specific Black and Hispanic ethnic groups from varied countries/regions of origin. COVID-19 decedents from Mexico and Central America had the highest AAMRs (170.7 and 168.8 per 100,000, respectively), lowest age at death, lowest educational level, and fewest comorbidities. Mean comorbidities were highest for Blacks (all origins) and Cuban Hispanics.
Interpretation
Florida Blacks and Hispanics experienced disproportionately high COVID-19 mortality rates throughout 2020, with notable variability based on country/region of origin. Inequities were particularly pronounced for Hispanic populations from Mexico and Central America. To better understand these heterogeneous COVID-19 mortality trends, more nuanced racial/ethnic analyses and detailed data on social determinants of health are needed.
Funding
Supplemental funding was provided by the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Research reported in this publication was also supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P30CA240139.
... 4 Additionally adjusted for permanent primary structure at ages 7 and 13 y, student:teacher ratio at ages 7 and 13 y, cement boom at age 13, and good access to roads at ages 13 and 18 y. 5 Additionally adjusted for the participant's completed years of schooling. In all models, confidence intervals account for clustering at the mother level and pooled models adjusted for sex. ...
... Additionally adjusted for years of schooling of the mother and father, mother's age at childbirth, mother's height, and socioeconomic status in early childhood.4 Additionally adjusted for permanent primary structure at ages 7 and 13 y, student-teacher ratio at ages 7 and 13 y, cement boom at age 13, and good access to roads at ages 13 and 18 y.5 Additionally adjusted for the participant's completed years of schooling. ...
Background:
It is generally accepted that migrants are favorably self-selected for labor market skills such as higher schooling and greater cognitive capacity, which are highly correlated with early-life nutrition. However, the influence of early-life nutrition on later-life migration is understudied.
Objective:
The objective of this study was to examine prospectively the association between height-for-age z scores (HAZ) at 24 mo and subsequent international migration in a cohort of 2392 participants born between 1962 and 1977 in 4 rural villages in eastern Guatemala.
Methods:
Information on nutritional status and covariates was collected between 1969 and 1977 and migration status was determined as of 2017 (at ages 40-57 y). We used proportional hazards and logistic regression models to assess whether HAZ was associated with international migration, adjusting for early-life and adult characteristics.
Results:
Between 1978 and 2017 there were 297 international migrants (12.4% of the original cohort) during 99,212 person-y of follow-up. In pooled models that were adjusted for early-life characteristics, a 1-SD increase in HAZ was associated with a 19% increase in the risk of international migration (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.38). Further adjustment for village characteristics did not alter the estimate substantively (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.37), while additional adjustment for schooling attainment attenuated the estimate somewhat (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.33). In all models, effect sizes were stronger for men than for women.
Conclusions:
Our results indicate that early-life nutrition is positively associated with subsequent international migration.
... Using a DiD approach, I compare remigration intentions of migrants from the Northern Triangle in transit through Mexico to the United States, apprehended and deported by Mexican authorities (treatment group), with remigration intentions of Mexicans apprehended and deported by U.S. authorities (control group). I exploit that Mexican and Central American immigrants in the United States share similar characteristics, such as destination choice, age, gender, labor force participation, and occupation, to define the treatment and control groups (see, e.g., Brick et al. 2011). ...
Immigration enforcement cooperation between final-destination and transit countries has increased in the last decades. I examine whether the Southern Border Plan, an immigration enforcement program implemented by the Mexican government in 2014, has curbed intentions of unauthorized migrants from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras to migrate to the United States. I use the announcement of the Southern Border Plan to implement a difference-in-differences approach and compare the evolution of short-run intentions to engage in additional unauthorized crossings of Central American (treatment group) relative to Mexican deportees (comparison group). The findings suggest that increased enforcement in Mexico decreases the likelihood of attempting repeated unauthorized crossings.
