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8 Images of PDMS-PU (columns 2-3) and PDMS-PCL-PU (columns 5-6) coatings after drying and CV staining of retained Cytophaga lytica biofilms (18 h). Formula designations can be seen in the original article.
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... During film formation, the PDMS component segregates spontaneously to the surface due to its low surface energy, giving rise to fouling-release properties of the coating system. The bulk of the coating is dominated by PU, providing good mechanical strength and high adhesion to substrates [273] . ...
... In addition to the above-discussed works, Pade and Webster [273] have recently reviewed the development of the SiPU coatings over the last 20 years and discussed the influence of various composition variables on the properties of SiPU coatings as well as different approaches in the modification of the SiPU coatings. ...
Marine biofouling is a well-known massive problem: within the shortest time, ship hulls and other man-made submerged surfaces are inevitably populated by various marine organisms. Marine biofouling causes severe economic and environmental problems. Thus, effective biofouling control on submerged surfaces is of utmost importance. Since the middle of the 20th century, scientists and engineers have developed antifouling coatings mainly based on the continuous release of toxic metal ions and accompanying booster biocides to repel or kill organisms approaching the surface. However, these coatings caused serious harm to non-target organisms and the ocean. Therefore, the development of environmentally friendly alternative coatings is an urgent need, and research in this field is growing rapidly. This review included concise basic theory from biology, chemistry, and physics. It provides an introduction into the biofouling formation, as well as physicochemical surface properties that can be manipulated to achieve an effective biofouling control. Furthermore, a complete overview of the currently developed biofouling control coatings is presented and summarized. This overview includes coatings based on surface wettability, self-renewable coatings, coatings containing antifouling agents, switchable coatings, and biomimetic coatings.
Microbial cross-contamination represents a significant burden to public health and food wasted due to microbial spoilage. Despite established protocols for cleaning and sanitizing surfaces and advances in antimicrobial and nonfouling coatings research, the persistence of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms remains a challenge in food manufacturing. Specifically, the design and application of antimicrobial and nonfouling coatings in nonfood contact regions of food manufacturing facilities remain an area of research need as these regions are known microbial growth niches. In this review, we survey the state-of-the-art antimicrobial and nonfouling technologies compatible with polyurethane and epoxy coatings suitable for Zone 2/3 regions, such as drain ditches and equipment framework. The properties of polyurethane and epoxy coatings are discussed, followed by a detailed survey of antimicrobial and nonfouling compounds suitable for incorporation into polyurethane and epoxy polymerization chemistries. Challenges and opportunities in the application of antimicrobial and nonfouling coatings to Zones 2/3 are discussed, with an emphasis placed on the design of effective application studies.
Amphiphilic coatings have shown promising performance for marine applications to deter and limit biofouling. Hydrophobic marine coatings are unable to deter marine organisms that prefer hydrophobic surfaces for settlements, thus a series of amphiphilic additives were prepared and introduced to a hydrophobic system to attain surface amphiphilicity and improved performance without changing the base matrix. In this work, we report the successful synthesis of amphiphilic additives where highly incompatible blocks of hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and hydrophilic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (poly(SBMA)) were connected, using ARGET ATRP (activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization) controlled radical polymerization technique. The surface characterization confirmed the presence of self-migrated amphiphilic additives to the surface of hydrophobic coating systems, and biological assessments indicated that the additives desirably improved fouling-release performance of the base hydrophobic system against macroalgal spores (Ulva linza) and barnacles (Amphibalanus amphitrite) while these additives had no detrimental effect on ability of the base matrix to release bacteria (Cellulophaga lytica), diatoms (Navicula incerta), and mussels (Geukensia demissa). Furthermore, this study not only reported the outstanding contribution of poly(SBMA)-PDMS additives towards contending with marine biofouling as well as the facile preparation of amphiphilic additives, but also concluded that several factors should be considered in the design of these additives for tailoring hydrophobic coatings: 1) PDMS block with a molecular weight of 1000 M¯n is preferred over higher molecular weights of PDMS; 2) hydrophilic portion between a range of 50% to 80% provides the desired amphiphilicity on a surface; and 3) poly(SBMA) block size does not necessarily impact the effectiveness of an additive.
