Fig 5 - uploaded by Saeed Khan
Content may be subject to copyright.
Images of Crystalluria Images of calcium oxalate crystals in 3 hrs morning urine collected from Normal control (A), Lithogenic Control (B) and treated with Holarrhena antidysenterica (Ha.Cr) (C), under light microscope at 400x magnification.
Source publication
Holarrhena antidysenterica has a traditional use in the treatment of urolithiasis, therefore, its crude extract has been investigated for possible antiurolithic effect. The crude aqueous-methanolic extract of Holarrhena antidysenterica (Ha.Cr) was studied using the in vitro and in vivo methods. In the in vitro experiments, Ha.Cr demonstrated a conc...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... different among the groups. The parameters recorded at day 0 and at the end of 3 weeks of treatment period are listed in the Table 1. Ha.Cr had no significant effect on the CaOx crystalluria, however, the crystals (mostly CaOx dehydrate) found in the treated groups were quite smaller than those found in the untreated lithogenic group (Fig. 5). The body weight was significantly (p < 0.01 vs. Normal) reduced in stone forming group as compared to the normal saline group. The co- administration of Ha.Cr (30-100 mg/ml) prevented (p < 0.05 vs. Stone forming group) the loss in body weight. The 24 hrs urine volume and water intake were higher (p < 0.01) in the stone forming group ...
Citations
... Oxalate excretion was increased in stone-forming animals, whereas Ca++ excretion was decreased. In histological study Ha.Cr-treated groups, less number of CaOx crystal deposits[Khan A et al. 2012]. Through this article, it can be speculated that the inhibitory effect of the plant extract on CaOx crystal deposition in renal tubules is possibly caused by its antioxidant activity. ...
Medicinal plants have been recognized for centuries and are highly regarded worldwide as a valuable source of therapeutic agents for disease prevention and treatment. Holarrhena antidysenterica, commonly known as kauri, kurchi, or kutaj, has been employed since ancient times. Holarrhena antidysenterica (also known as H. pubescens), a member of the Apocynaceae family, is renowned in Ayurveda for its medicinal properties found in its stem bark, leaves, and seeds. Over the years, researchers have isolated various phytochemical compounds from this plant, demonstrating their traditional pharmacological effects, including analgesic, antibacterial, anti-diarrheal, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-urolithic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, recent studies have unveiled novel activities such as angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, anti-amnesic effects, and neuroprotective properties. This review aims to shed light on the therapeutic potential of Holarrhena antidysenterica for various diseases.
... Medical management of urolithiasis involves medical treatments and / or invasive surgical interventions to extract the stones, which may generate side effects and complications such as haemorrhage, hypertension, tubular necrosis, subsequent kidney fibrosis, renal failure, steinstrasse (several small stones blocking the ureter), pancreatitis, infection and persistent residue (potential nidus for new stone formation). [145][146][147][148][149] Research into treatment and prevention methods for this disease remains an avenue to be explored to avoid a possible recurrence in patients. In fact, the use of alternative methods, based on medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) is very popular in the world, especially in developing countries. ...
Urolithiasis is defined as a disease diagnosed by the presence of one or more stones in the urinary tract. It is one of the oldest and most widespread diseases known to man, their discovery and characterisation chronology began with the civilisation's history. This pathology has a multifactorial aetiology, very frequent worldwide with geographic and racial variation, their prevalence is increasing in lockstep with socioeconomic development. In fact, this disorder affects between 2 and 20% of the population, with an approximate recurrence rate of 30% to 50% in 5 years. Furthermore, calciumtype stones, which are composed of calcium oxalate (CaOx) alone or a mixture of CaOx and calcium phosphate are the most common, accounting for more than 80% of cases. The medical management of urolithiasis is done by medical treatments and/or by surgical intervention for the stones extraction by the techniques such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy (URS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open surgery. However, various therapies, including thiazide diuretics and alkaline citrate, are used in an attempt to prevent stones recurrence induced by hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria, but the scientific evidence for their effectiveness is less convincing. On the other hand, endoscopic and ESWL methods have revolutionised the treatment of urinary lithiasis, but these costly methods, can cause acute kidney injury and decreased renal function, in addition, do not prevent the probability of new stone formation. The deepening of our knowledge on all points relating to this disease is a priority for specialists in order to find adequate solutions for this disease. This review provides an overview of urolithiasis, its history, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment methods.
... It has also been noted that H. pubescens chloroform extract increases urine output in a dosedependent manner. Moreover, it was found that the levels of Na+ and K+ in the urine were higher, indicating that the diuretic impact is likely caused by an increase in electrolyte excretion [68] . ...
... The number and distribution of crystals in the kidneys was determined using a semi-quantitative scoring system according to the method described by Khan et al., and Vanachayangkul et al. [55,56]. Briefly, the crystal deposits in the stained sections with a magnification visible in a field of x10 were counted and the severity levels were assigned to 0 = <1; 1 = <1-10; 2 = <11-30; 3 = <31-50; 4 = <51-75 and 5 = > 75 crystals. ...
Objective: Urolithiasis disease is a severe pathology causing painful bleeding in patients and can lead to kidney failure. Current treatments are limited, expensive, invasive with side effects and
requires new alternatives, especially those based on natural products. This work aimed to determine the in vivo antilithiasis effect of hydroalcoholic extract (E.PG) and infusion (I.PG) of the
Punica granatum L. plant, as well as their antibacterial capacity against the strains responsible of urinary tract infection such as: E. coli, P. Mirabilis, K. pneumoniae and S. Aureus. Methods: A curative protocol was followed, which consisted of inducing calcium oxalate lithiasis in rats by ethylene glycol (75%) and ammonium chloride (1%) solutions. After 15 days of oxalocalcic lithiasis induction, plant extracts were administered to rats at two different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg/day), with potassium citrate (Cit.K) used as a positive control. Water intake, urine volume, pH and body weight were measured with crystalluria and histopathological examinations of the kidneys performed. The antibacterial activity was studied by the disk diffusion method and
the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The checkerboard technique was used to determine the interactions between the two extracts.
... COM precipitate was then resuspended with the medium. The final dose of COM for culturing cells was 67 μg/cm 2 according to previous studies (9)(10)(11). ...
Objectives:
Calgranulins S100A8 and S100A9 are common in renal stones and they are up-regulated in both urinary exosomes and kidneys of stone patients. Renal sources and important regulators for S100A8 and S100A9 in nephrolithiasis were explored in this study.
Materials and methods:
We identified S100A8 and S100A9 abundance in various renal cells by searching the Single Cell Type Atlas. Macrophages were polarized from human myeloid leukemia mononuclear cells. Human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were stimulated with calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM). Coculture experiments involving HK-2 cells and macrophages were conducted. qPCR, Western blotting, ELISA, and immunofluorescence were used for detecting interleukin 6 (IL6), S100A8, and S100A9.
Results:
The Single Cell Type Atlas showed that S100A8 and S100A9 in human kidneys primarily originated from macrophages. M1 was the predominant macrophage type expressing S100A8 and S100A9. Direct culture with COM did not affect the expression of these two calgranulins in M1 macrophages but coculture with COM-treated HK-2 cells did. COM could promote HK-2 cells to secrete IL6. IL6 could up-regulate S100A8 and S100A9 expression in macrophages of M1 type. In addition, 0.5 μM SC144 (a kind of IL6 inhibitor) significantly prevented COM-treated HK-2 cells from up-regulating S100A8 and S100A9 expression in macrophages of M1 type.
Conclusion:
M1-polarized macrophages were the predominant cell type expressing S100A8 and S100A9 in the kidneys of nephrolithiasis patients. CaOx crystals can promote renal tubular epithelial cells to secrete IL6 to up-regulate S100A8 and S100A9 expression in macrophages of M1 type.
... Antiurolithic activity of the extract was determined using the rat model of CaOx urolithiasis as mentioned in our previous studies [22,23]. Male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were divided into 8 groups each containing 6 rats to receive various treatments for preventive and curative effects of Ta.Cr. ...
... Crystal distribution within the kidneys was determined by using the semi-quantitative scoring methods used previously [22,23]. Briefly, the crystal deposits in stained sections with visible in a field of 10 × magnification were counted, and severity grades were assigned as 0 = no crystals, 1 = 1-10 crystals, 2 = 11-30, 3 = 31-50, 4 = 51-75 and 5 = more than 75 crystals. ...
The crude extract of Trachyspermum ammi seeds (Ta.Cr) was studied for its antiurolithic activity using the in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the in vivo experiments, Ta.Cr treatment showed a diuretic activity at the dose of 30 and 100 mg/kg and exhibited curative effect in male hyperoxaluric Wistar rats, which received 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) in drinking water given for 3 weeks, with 1% ammonium chloride (AC) for initial three days. In the in vitro experiments, Ta.Cr delayed the slopes of nucleation and inhibited the calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner like that of potassium citrate. Ta.Cr also inhibited DPPH free radicals like standard antioxidant drug butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and significantly reduced cell toxicity and LDH release in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, exposed to oxalate (0.5 mM) and COM (66 µg/cm²) crystals. In isolated rabbit urinary bladder strips, Ta.Cr relaxed high K⁺ (80 mM) and CCh (1 µM)-induced contractions, showing antispasmodic activity. The findings of this study suggest that the antiurolithic activity of crude extract of Trachyspermum ammi seeds may be mediated by a number of mechanisms, including a diuretic, an inhibitor of CaOx crystal aggregation, an antioxidant, renal epithelial cell protection, and an antispasmodic, thus, showing the therapeutic potential in urolithiasis, for which there is no viable non-invasive option in modern medicine.
... Approximately 20% of the population of humans suffers from nephrolithiasis, also known as urolithiasis, also known as kidney or renal stones. The production of stones is known as lithiasis, while solid nonmetallic minerals are known as urolithiasis [1]. Phosphates, oxalates, cystine, and uric acid make up the majority of the materials that go into urinary stones. ...
... Some plant extracts have the capability to transform COM crystals to COD crystals which are less likely to attach with kidney epithelial cells than COM crystals. is suggests that COD formation protects the body against stone disease because of its reduced capacity to form stable aggregates [28]. However, with the increase in the concentration of plant extracts, the presence of both COM and COD was reduced in this study and we did not observe a significant reduction of one type of crystal compared to the other. ...
Background:
Deposition and formation of stones in any part of the urinary system is called urolithiasis. CaOx is the predominant component of most stones, and the formation of these stones is a multistep process that includes supersaturation, nucleation, aggregation, growth, and retention. In ayurvedic medicine, medicinal plants are used for the management of kidney stones. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of aqueous, ethanol, and hexane extracts of Drymoglossum piloselloides leaves, Kalanchoe laciniata leaves, and Aegle marmelos flowers against CaOx urolithiasis in vitro.
Methods:
The crystallization of CaOx monohydrate (COM) and dihydrate (COD) was induced in a synthetic urine system. The nucleation, growth, and aggregation of crystals were measured using spectrophotometric methods. The results were compared against the polyherbal drug, Cystone, under identical concentrations. Crystals generated in the urine were also observed under light microscopy. Statistical differences and percentage inhibitions were calculated using standard formulae and compared. A preliminary phytochemical screening was also performed to detect active phytoconstituents present in the three plants used in the study.
Results:
The results obtained clearly demonstrated that Kalanchoe laciniata, Aegle marmelos, and Drymoglossum piloselloides have the capacity to inhibit the nucleation, growth, and aggregation of CaOx crystals. Microscopic examination of crystals revealed the presence of more COM than COD crystals but a dose-dependent reduction in crystals was observed in the presence of plant extracts. Hexane, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of all three plants had different capabilities to inhibit nucleation, growth, and aggregation of CaOx crystals but their activities were different at different concentrations. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of reducing sugars, proteins, flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenol compound in Kalanchoe laciniata and Drymoglossum piloselloides and reducing sugars, proteins, anthracene glycosides, and saponins in Aegle marmelos.
Conclusions:
This study provided evidence that Kalanchoe laciniata, Aegle marmelos, and Drymoglossum piloselloides have the potential to be developed as inhibitors of nucleation, growth, and aggregation of CaOx crystals in the treatment of urolithiasis.
... The calculogenesis can be induced either by ethylene glycol (EG) alone, or in combination with ammonium chloride (AC). 25 The hepatic enzymes (glycolate oxidase) metabolize ethylene glycol to oxalic acid, which combine with calcium ion in the renal tubular epithelium to form CaOx crystals. 26 Males are more prone to develop kidney stones than females, as testosterone is linked directly with hepatic glycolate oxidase that increase oxalate production by liver. ...
Background: Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) is one of the most widely consumed medicinal herbs that has gained attention from food and pharmaceutical industries due to its distinct aroma and taste. Purpose: Present study was aimed to rationalize the traditional use of peppermint in urolithiasis and to explore its possible underlying mechanism. Research Design: The aqueous methanolic crude extract of Mentha piperita (Mp.Cr) was assessed for phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity. In vitro crystallization assays were performed to determine the inhibitory effects of Mp.Cr against crystal nucleation, aggregation and growth. In vivo urolithiasis model was developed in rats by the administration of ammonium chloride and ethylene glycol in drinking water. The antiurolithic effects of Mp.Cr were evaluated by analyzing kidney homogenate, biochemical and histological parameters. Results: HPLC analysis showed the presence of epicatechin, quercetin, gallic acid, syringic acid, kaempferol, caffeic acid and coumaric acid. The maximum quantity of quercetin equivalent flavonoid and gallic acid equivalent phenolic content was found to be 63.73 ± .24 mg QE/g and 43.76 ± .6 mg GAE/g of Mp.Cr, respectively. Mp.Cr significantly normalized urinary and serum biochemistry, similar to the standard cystone treatment. Conclusions: The current study validated the preventive and curative potential of Mp.Cr against urolithiasis and justified its traditional use in kidney stone disease.
... Being the method based on the crystallization and precipitation of an insoluble solid, gravimetry (the measurement of the precipitate weight) has been chosen as an obvious technique of analysis [26,27]. The gravimetric approach is simpler and can be used for a larger number of samples compared to other methods reported in the literature, based on conductivity [28], turbidimetry [22,27,29,30], or on resistive pulse sensing (i.e., on the use of a Coulter counter [17]). ...
... Consequently, the effect of other ions, which could affect the kinetics of the nucleation and the growth of CaOx crystals, has to be analyzed. To allow this analysis, we found optical microscopy to be perfectly suited to complement the gravimetric assays, giving information on the dimension, number, and morphology of the particles formed during solid precipitation [23,28,29,32]. Our samples contain single COM crystals along with contact, penetration, and complex twins. ...
The ion content of drinking water might be associated with urinary stone formation, representing a keystone of conservative nephrolithiasis management. However, the effects of specific ions on calcium oxalate crystal formation and their mechanism of action are still highly controversial. We report an investigation of the effects of oligomineral waters with similar total salt amount but different ion composition on calcium oxalate (CaOx) precipitation in vitro, combining gravimetric and microscopic assays. The results suggest that the “collective” physicochemical properties of the aqueous medium, deriving from the ion combination rather than from a single ionic species, are of importance. Particularly, the ability of ions to strengthen/weaken the aqueous medium structure determines an increase/decrease in the interfacial energy, modulating the formation and growth of CaOx crystals.
