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Image of a PC erupting in fire in July 2006, which forced Dell to recall more than 4 million of Sony batteries
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The goal of this critical review is to explain why the safety problem raised by the lithium batteries must be considered. The performance of the batteries with different chemistries is compared and analyzed, with emphasis on the safety aspects, in addition to the electrochemical properties of the cells. Problems encountered with cathode materials (...
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Citations
... Between 2014 and 2019, the use of LIBs in these movable devices surged significantly, exemplified by the marked increase in specific battery types: 29% of these were Li-Ni-Mn-Co oxide (LNMC) batteries and 37% were Li-Co oxide (LCO) batteries, underscoring the diverse applications and growing reliance on these power sources in various technology sectors. [17][18][19][20][21][22] Widely utilized in mobile phones, computers, and other information technology and connection devices, LIBs also play a pivotal role in the automotive sector and extensive gridbased energy storage. Between the years 2014 and 2019 the use of LIBs in transportable electronics surged, with LNMC batteries comprising 29% and LCO batteries comprising 37%. ...
... Between the years 2014 and 2019 the use of LIBs in transportable electronics surged, with LNMC batteries comprising 29% and LCO batteries comprising 37%. [17][18][19][20][21][22] Valued at an estimated 33.1 billion US dollars, LIBs are a crucial component of portable electronic devices. 23 Approximately 90% of the economic value in used LIBs is derived from their metal content, particularly in the active cathode. ...
BACKGROUND
The recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for resource conservation and environmental sustainability, particularly due to the valuable metals they contain, such as cobalt and lithium. This study focuses on developing an ion‐exchange method for cobalt recovery from waste LIB solutions, using a mesoporous silica derivative of carbamoyl sulfamic acid (PST‐SA) as the adsorbent.
RESULTS
The batch method for adsorption experiments identified the most effective conditions: a pH of 8, 0.08 g PST‐SA, and a shaking time of 60 min, at room temperature. These experiments demonstrated a remarkable cobalt uptake capacity of 270.70 mg g⁻¹, highlighting PST‐SA's exceptional adsorption capabilities. Additionally, thermodynamic studies revealed the adsorption process to be both endothermic and spontaneous, enhancing our understanding of its chemically reactive mechanisms.
CONCLUSIONS
The practical application of PST‐SA, particularly when processing spent LIBs, showcases its real‐world utility. The efficient separation of cobaltous oxalate and lithium phosphate into pure forms emphasizes PST‐SA's potential in recycling and resource recovery. Given its cost‐effectiveness and strong adsorption capacity, PST‐SA stands out as an excellent solution for the removal of Co(II) from discarded LIBs, promoting sustainable material recovery practices. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
... The high-voltage battery (and its associated auxiliaries) is one of the components of EVs that is much more complex than in internal combustion engine (ICE) cars. The critical dimensions of batteries are: cathode materials (layered compounds, spinel and olivine), anode materials (graphite and lithium titanate), electrolytes, lithium salts, and separators [28]. During the lifetime of a battery, chemical reactions occur that cause it to age; this is the battery degradation. ...
... The aforementioned specification made lithium metal batteries an outstanding candidate for next-generation energy storage devices. 12,13 However, the low abundance and limited sources of lithium metal on the earth and the increasing cost of lithium draw attention toward research for alternative battery chemistries. ...
... The European Commission's ambition is to have 30 million zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2030 (COM(2020) 789 final, 2020). These major changes in transportation require an adjustment of the policy framework, including battery safety (Mauger and Julien, 2017). ...
... Although different types of batteries have been researched over the years, rechargeable Li-ion batteries were among the most notable and productive. [4][5][6][7][8] In order to attract electric vehicle industry and other applications, various factors, such as cost, energy density, cyclic performance, and environmental safety, should be carefully considered. 9,10 For grid-energy storage applications, energy density is more important than cost and safety. ...
Development of rechargeable batteries for electronic appliances requires advancement of synthesizing new anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials. Li2GeO3 is a candidate anode material for use in lithium ion batteries owing to its fast Li-ion conductivity. Using advanced computational simulation techniques based on the classical potentials, we investigate the defect, diffusion, and dopant properties of Li2GeO3. Our simulation finds that the minimum energy defect process is the Li-Frenkel. The Li–Ge anti-site defect cluster is higher in energy by 0.45 eV than the Li-Frenkel. The long-range Li diffusion pathway is along the c-direction with an activation energy of 0.36 eV agreeing with the experimental observation. The most promising isovalent dopants on the Li and the Ge sites are the Na and the Si, respectively. Furthermore, the formation of lithium interstitials and oxygen vacancies can be experimentally verified by doping of Al3+ on the Ge site.
... LIBs are widely employed in imported electronic and informational gadgets, including mobile phones, laptops, and other portable computing and communication equipment. The automotive sector, including hybrid and electric vehicles, and large-scale grid energy storage have both benefited from the spread of the green energy concept and the incorporation of alternative energy sources [28,29]. Between 2014 and 2019, the utilization of LIBs in portable electronics increased, with 29% of all batteries being lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries and 37% of all batteries being lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries [30,31]. ...
The significant increase in lithium batteries consumption produces a significant quantity of discarded lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). On the one hand, the shortage of high-grade ores leads to the necessity of processing low-grade ores, which contain a low percentage of valuable metals in comparison to the discarded LIBs that contain a high percentage of these metals, which enhances the processing of the discarded LIBs. On the other hand, the processing of discarded LIBs reduces the negative environmental effects that result from their storage and the harmful elements contained in their composition. Hence, the current study aims at developing cost-effective and ecofriendly technology for cobalt and lithium metal ion recovery based on discarded LIBs. A novel synthesized solid-phase adsorbent (TZAB) was utilized for the selective removal of cobalt from synthetic solutions and spent LIBs. The synthesized TZAB adsorbent was characterized by using 13C-NMR, GC-MS, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and TGA. The factors affecting the adsorption of cobalt and lithium ions from synthetic solutions and spent LIBs, including the sorbent dose, pH, contact time, temperature, and cobalt concentration were investigated. The conditions surrounding the recovery of cobalt and lithium from processing discarded LIBs, were investigated to optimize the maximum recovery. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were used to study the kinetics of the adsorption process. The obtained results showed that high-purity CoC 2 O 4 and Li 3 PO 4 were obtained with a purity of 95% and 98.3% and a percent recovery of 93.48% and 95.76%, respectively. The maximum recovery of Co(II) from synthetic solutions was obtained at C 0 = 500 mg·L −1 , dose of 0.08 g, pH 7.5, T = 25 • C, and reaction time = 90 min. The collected data from Langmuir's isotherm and the adsorption processes of Co agree with the data predicted by the D-R isotherm models, which shows that the adsorption of Co(II) onto the TZAB seems to be chemisorption, and the results agree with the Langmuir and D-R isotherm models.
... For NEEV market, the demand for lithium-ion battery is increasing. Generally, lithium oxide is used as a positive pole with a layered structure, while graphite carbon as a negative pole [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80]. ...
The significant challenges are fossil fuel dependence, climate change, and incremental energy cost in the twenty-first century. Looming environmental problems and growing concerns about the global energy crisis, individuals and organizations have sought new opportunities and technologies to meet the growing demand for clean and sustainable energy systems. Electrification of transportation system is a promising way to green transportation system and reduce climate change. In recent years, new energy electric vehicles (NEEVs) have become increasingly popular in the automotive industry and are poised to replace the internal-combustion engine (ICE) to protect environment from pollution. This paper provides an in-depth investigation into the present status, latest deployment, and future prospects in the implementation of NEEVs while introducing the subsystems and their components: electrification transportation degrees, power battery pack, electrical propulsion system, charring architecture, and international standards. Additionally, extending from limited knowledge and ability, the enabling technologies and prospects for future development of NEEVs are also presented in this paper. A total of 131 publications are arranged and appended for quick referencing. It is envisaged that researchers and engineers involved in these fields could find this paper very valuable and a one-stop source of rich information.
... The wide experience and knowledge acquired over the past three decades regarding LIBs make them a state-of-the-art technology, also suitable for applications in hybrid-and plug-in-electric vehicles. However, the limited and uneven distribution of lithium resources on the earth's crust implies increasing costs [4][5][6], cases, the carbon precursor solution is electro-spun, stabilized and carbonized to obtain the CNFs, then a solution containing the active material precursors is dip-/drop-coated on the CNFs, which are finally heat-or chemically-treated to obtain the final product. In other cases, it is considered more convenient to mix the solutions of carbon and the active material precursors: the obtained solution is electro-spun and undergoes chemical and thermal treatments suitable for obtaining the free-standing anode. ...
ZnS–graphene composites (ZnSGO) were synthesized by a hydrothermal process and loaded onto carbon nanofibers (CNFs) by electrospinning (ZnS–GO/CNF), to obtain self-standing anodes for SIBs. The characterization techniques (XRPD, SEM, TEM, EDS, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy) confirm that the ZnS nanocrystals (10 nm) with sphalerite structure covered by the graphene sheets were successfully synthesized. In the ZnS–GO/CNF anodes, the active material is homogeneously dispersed in the CNFs’ matrix and the ordered carbon source mainly resides in the graphene component. Two self-standing ZnS–GO/CNF anodes (active material amount: 11.3 and 24.9 wt%) were electrochemically tested and compared to a tape-casted ZnS–GO example prepared by conventional methods (active material amount: 70 wt%). The results demonstrate improved specific capacity at high C-rate for the free-standing anodes compared to the tape-casted example (69.93 and 92.59 mAh g−1 at 5 C for 11.3 and 24.9 wt% free-standing anodes, respectively, vs. 50 mAh g−1 for tape-casted). The 24.9 wt% ZnS–GO/CNF anode gives the best cycling performances: we obtained capacities of 255–400 mAh g−1 for 200 cycles and coulombic efficiencies ≥ 99% at 0.5 C, and of 80–90 mAh g−1 for additional 50 cycles at 5 C. The results suggest that self-standing electrodes with improved electrochemical performances at high C-rates can be prepared by a feasible and simple strategy: ex situ synthesis of the active material and addition to the carbon precursor for electrospinning.
... When a LiIB is in use (i.e., during discharge), lithium ions (Li + ) move from the anode to the cathode, while during charging, the reverse reaction occurs. Carbon materials are normally used as anode in the conventional lithium-ion cells, the cathode is made of typical metal oxide while the electrolyte composed of lithium salt is dissolved in organic solvent [57]. In a typical LiIB, the following reactions occur during charging and discharging processes [58]. ...
Proper and innovative waste management methods still pose a major concern in our present world. Continuous accumulation of biowaste from bio-processing industries, household, organic residues and so on makes the environment polluted and endangers the health of man and other animals. The common waste management methods which include direct dumping into water bodies, open-air combustion, and as land fillers are obsolete and are the major causes of environmental pollution. Conversion of biowastes into valuable materials aids proper waste management, and helps to attain a cleaner environment, in addition to the fact that wastes are turned into wealth. Biowastes are rich in carbon and can serve as excellent precursors for the synthesis of important carbon materials such as activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes etc. Three important methods of converting biowastes into carbon materials are discussed in this review. The electrochemical, adsorption, and electrocatalytic properties of the materials and the applications in electrochemical energy storage devices are also discussed in brief. This review focuses on the synthesis of carbon materials from biowaste residues and their use in developing electrode materials for batteries and supercapacitors. Future perspectives on the need to exploit greener technology for the conversion of biowastes into important carbon materials should be considered.
... One of these Li-ion batteries in a handheld video camera exploded shortly after. Since then, it has become well-recognized that one of the main issues with lithium batteries is the safety concern related to the threat of thermal runaway and battery fire [2]. ...
In contemporary society, Li-ion batteries have emerged as one of the primary energy storage options. Li-ion batteries’ market share and specific applications have grown significantly over time and are still rising. Many outstanding scientists and engineers worked very hard on developing commercial Li-ion batteries in the 1990s, which led to their success. An aqueous or non-aqueous electrolyte, an anode, a cathode, and a membrane that separates the two while permitting ions through are the four essential components of all battery systems. While still underutilized in power supply systems, Li-ion batteries are the preferred solution for the developing electric car industry, particularly when combined with photovoltaics and wind power. As a technological advancement, Li-ion batteries provide enormous worldwide potential for sustainable energy production and significant carbon emission reductions. This review covers the working principles, anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials and the related mechanisms, aging and performance degradation, applications, manufacturing processes, market, recycling, and safety of Li-ion batteries.
