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Image analyses of nucleus and chromosome territories. (A) The maximum intensity projection of 22 optical sections for a diploid cell. Overlay image showing the nucleus and enclosed chromosome territories for X (green), 12 (red) and 8 (yellow). (B) 3D modeling of nucleus and chromosome territories (CT) of the cell shown in (A) using SPHARM in the same color code. (C) The maximum intensity projection of 29 optical sections for a trisomy 12 nuclei. (D) 3D models of nucleus and CTs of cell shown in (C).
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... are presented for a total of 27 diploid hES cells and 32 trisomy-12 hES cells. Figure 2 shows (A) the results of nuclear and chromosomal topology data for a diploid cell using confocal microscopy and (B) the 3D surface of nucleus and CTs reconstructed by SPHARM. Following SPHARM modeling, the centroid was used to represent the position of each CT in the nucleus. ...
Citations
Since cells and tissues are inherently three-dimensional (3D), 3D imaging techniques are required to study them. 3D light microscopy offers a noninvasive, minimally destructive option for obtaining spatial and volumetric information about the structure and function of cells and tissues. 3D image data acquired with confocal or multiphoton microscopy can be processed to enhance and display images of 3D objects and to compute a variety of measurements on them. Enhancement techniques include 3D linear and nonlinear image filtering, space-variant 3D deconvolution, maximum likelihood image restoration, and image fusion. Optical section image data can be deblurred and displayed in three dimensions. Objects in the 3D image can be isolated and displayed and photometric and spatial measurements extracted from them. These processes greatly improve our ability to understand the structure and function of microscopic specimens.
This review discusses how numerical aneuploidy may trigger inflammation in somatic cells and its consequences. Therefore we: i) summarized current knowledge on the cellular and molecular pathological effects of aneuploidy; ii) considered which of these aspects are able to trigger inflammation; iii) determined the genetic and environmental factors which may modulate the link between aneuploidy and inflammation; iv) explored the rôle of diet in prevention of aneuploidy and inflammation; v) examined whether aneuploidy and inflammation are causes and/or consequences of diseases; vi) identified the knowledge gaps and research needed to translate these observations into improved health care and disease prevention.
The relationships between aneuploidy, inflammation and diseases are complex, because they depend on which chromosomes are involved, the proportion of cells affected and which organs are aneuploid in the case of mosaic aneuploidy. Therefore, a systemic approach is recommended to understand the emergence of aneuploidy-driven diseases and to take preventive measures to protect individuals from exposure to aneugenic conditions.
