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The chemical routes for the synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, fluid stabilization, surface modification for grafting biomolecules, and the different techniques for structural and physicochemical characterization have been summarized. Examples of biomedical applications in the field of molecular imaging and cell targeting are...
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A series of magnetically separable catalysts consisting of Schiff base complexes of metal ions (Zn, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Fe and Pd) supported on superparamagnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles has been prepared. The structural features of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TEM, FE-SEM, DLS, VSM, UV–Vis, TGA, AFM and N2 adsorption–desorption....
Iron oxide nanoparticles are the most popular magnetic nanoparticles used in biomedical applications due to their low cost, low toxicity, and unique magnetic property. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, including magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), usually exhibit a superparamagnetic property as their size goes smaller than 20 nm, which are...
In recent years, the fabrication of nanoparticles and exploration of their properties have attracted the attention of physicists, chemists, biologists and engineers. Interest in nanoparticles arise from the fact that the mechanical, chemical, electrical, optical, magnetic, electro-optical and magneto-optical properties of these particles are differ...
Abstract:
Nearly monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles (d avg = 20±1 nm) were synthesized in an aqueous phase under an argon flow, and then coated with fluorescent brightener (FB) 28. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were superparamagnetic, with large saturation magnetizations of 54.1 emu/g at 5 K and 48.5 emu/g at 300 K. The FB-28-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles sho...
This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of different generations (G0–G7) of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer-coated magnetic nanoparticles (DcMNPs). In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles were modified with aminopropyltrimethoxysilane for...
Citations
... [ [98][99][100][101] Quantum dots (inorganic) ...
... Biomedical, magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis, drug delivery, antibody and vaccine manufacture, gene therapy, cancer therapy, and sensory probes. [98][99][100][101] NPs (organic) easily. consuming. ...
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) offer diverse health benefits, such as supporting cardiovascular health, improving cognitive function, promoting joint and musculoskeletal health, and contributing to healthy aging. Despite their advantages, challenges like oxidation susceptibility, low bioavailability, and potential adverse effects at high doses persist. Nanoparticle encapsulation emerges as a promising avenue to address these limitations while preserving stability, enhanced bioavailability, and controlled release. This comprehensive review explores the therapeutic roles of omega-3 fatty acids, critically appraising their shortcomings and delving into modern encapsulation strategies. Furthermore, it explores the potential advantages of metal–organic framework nanoparticles (MOF NPs) compared to other commonly utilized nanoparticles in improving the therapeutic effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids within drug delivery systems (DDSs). Additionally, it outlines future research directions to fully exploit the therapeutic benefits of these encapsulated omega-3 formulations for cardiovascular disease treatment.
... In some cases, coatings produce mutually exclusive effects, for example, MNPs nanocomposites with silica can specifically bind to nucleic acids; with gold or silver allowing facilitate organic conjugation, biocompatibility and protecting MNPs from oxidation, but weaken the magnetic properties [227]. ...
The incidence of cancer is growing every year and covers all age groups, including the working population, which makes cancer socially significant. Existing methods of treatment, despite the effectiveness of individual compounds in relation to cancer cells, are not perfect due to a number of side effects associated with high doses that physicians are forced to administer when using treatment protocols. A particularly difficult issue is the creation of effective functional containers that would have the properties of targeting certain types of cells. The solution of this problem is currently relevant, which is reflected in the growth of publications on this subject in recent years. The most promising is the use of nanotechnology in the development of bioengineered therapeutics and containers for chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we tried to assess the trends that exist in this area of research, as well as show the wide using of some commercially available formulations based on the nano-sized vehicles.
... Nanoparticles are a broad spectrum of materials containing special compounds which will be characterized with at least one dimension smaller than 100 nm [1,2]. The significance of these materials became evident when scientists discovered that the physical and chemical properties of the materials are impacted by their size [3]. ...
Objective: In this study, plant-based silver nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized from Premna integrifolia leaf extract to test the viability towards anticancer properties. Methods: Preliminary identification of silver nanoparticles was validated by Visual observation and confirmed for the characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Further synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated against non-small lung cancer cells (A549) by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Aqueous leaf extract of Premna intigrifolia was synthesized for silver nanoparticles and showed an average size from 35nm to 100 nm through SEM studies. EDX showed a strong signal confirming the formation of silver nanoparticles in the metallic silver region at 5Kev, and the FTIR spectrum showed changes in some peaks of the aqueous extract with functional groups. The newly synthesized silver nanoparticles showed significant anticancer properties targeting lung cancer A549 cell line against standard drug Epotoside with a 50% Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) value of 78.431 µg. Conclusion: The results affirm that biosynthesized silver nanoparticles can be used as an alternative to chemical medicines to cure cancer.
... The primary purpose of this invention is to recover metal values from iron-containing waste materials and convert them to magnetic γ-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles having a wide range of applications from catalysis to waste management [9,10]. It is widely used for the production of, e.g., magnetic materials [11][12][13], sensing materials [14], pigments [15], sorbents [16,17], photocatalysts [16], storing data [18], for biomedical applications such as drug delivery [19,20], contrast agents for resonance imaging [21][22][23] and hyperthermia treatment [18,24], as well as being key components for adsorption and storage purposes [25,26]. Recently, iron oxides have been used in a huge amount as electrodes for sodium-ion, lithium-ion, and alkaline-ion batteries [27][28][29][30][31]. ...
... Using a variety of techniques, maghemite nanoparticles have been made such as sol-gel [12], ball-milling [2], laser pyrolysis [36], solvothermal [37], microemulsion [37], sonochemistry, microemulsion using an ionic surfactant [2], sonochemical [2], and green synthesis routes [37,38] which are reported in the literature. Having a special emphasis on the studies of Mössbauer spectroscopy [39], Layek et al., 2011 reported an excellent review paper regarding the synthesis and properties of γ-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles. ...
In this work, the transformation of waste iron cans to gamma iron oxide (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles following acid leaching precipitation method along with their structural, surface chemistry, and magnetic properties was studied. Highly magnetic iron-based nanomaterials, maghemite with high saturation magnetization have been synthesized through an acid leaching technique by carefully tuning of pH and calcination temperature. The phase composition and crystal structure, surface morphology, surface chemistry, and surface composition of the synthesized γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were explored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD results confirm the cubic spinel structure having crystallite size 26.90–52.15 nm. The XPS study reveals the presence of Fe, O element and the binding energy of Fe (710.31 and 724.48 eV) confirms the formation of γ-Fe2O3 as well. By dynamic light scattering (DLS) method and zeta potential analyzer, the particle size distribution and stability of the systems were investigated. The magnetic behavior of the synthesized γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) which confirmed the ferrimagnetic particles with saturation magnetization of 54.94 emu/g. The resultant maghemite nanoparticles will be used in photocatalysts and humidity sensing. The net impact of the work stated here is based on the principle of converting waste into useful nanomaterials. Finally, it was concluded that our results can give insights into the design of the synthesis procedure from the precursor to the high-quality gamma iron oxide nanoparticles with high saturation magnetization for different potential applications which are inexpensive and very simple.
... Known methods of their synthesis are the dry process, wet chemical process, and microbial process [18,36]. Properties and shapes of the dispersed sediments formed depend on the conditions provided during the reaction, such as the type of salts used, the ratio of Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ ions, the pH, and the ionic strength [37]. ...
Every year, metallurgical enterprises generate a massive amount of toxic exhausted high-concentration etching solutions. Application of the ferritization process to recycle exhausted etching solutions can help to prevent environmental pollution. It enables a cost-efficient use of water at an industrial plant and allows the plant to obtain products from toxic industrial waste and utilize it. The aim of the study was to analyze the qualitative and quantitative composition of the formed sediment and its grain size composition. Variable study parameters were the initial pH values of the solutions, the initial concentrations of total iron, and the duration of the aeration process of the reaction mixture. Thermal activation and alternating magnetic fields were used to activate the ferritization. The XRD showed that the formed sediments contained phases of γ-FeOOH, δ-FeOOH, Fe3O4, and γ-Fe2O3. Granulometry analysis showed that these sediments were highly dispersed and heterogeneous. Chemically stable phases of magnetite were obtained in the composition of sediments, with an initial concentration of iron in the reaction mixture of 16.6 g/dm3, a pH of 11.5, and a process duration of 15 min. The study results demonstrated the feasibility of further study and possible use of such sediments with a high magnetite content for the production of materials with ferromagnetic and sorption properties.
... These α-Fe 2 O 3 NPs exhibits excellent magnetic properties and higher stability in the aqueous solutions [5,6]. In addition, Hematite, an n-type semiconductor, has gained significant attention due to its potential uses in medicine, optical devices, gas sensors, pigments, catalysis, and their use as anode material [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Moreover, α-Fe 2 O 3 NPs were prepared using various established procedures which include electrochemical anodization [14], magnetic sputtering [15], ultrasonic spray pyrolysis [16], solgel process [17], vapour -solid growth method [18] and hydrothermal production [19]. ...
The current study reported the synthesis of ferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) using the leaf extract of Amaranthus spinosus Linn and studied their analgesia efficiency in chronic inflammatory pain model in mice. X-RD, TEM results showed that the spherical Fe2O3 NPs having rhombohedral crystalline structure with an average particle size of 10 nm. Additionally, inflammatory pain models were designed through FCA injection on the CD1 mice hind paw with various Fe2O3 NPs doses and analgesic behaviour was monitored. The prepared Fe2O3 NPs showed a dose-dependent analgesic activity with considerable decrease in inflammatory cells, ROS production and pro-inflammatory markers. Additionally, the expression of enzymes responsible for ROS production were decreased. The outcomes of present work revealed the local administration of Fe2O3 NPs caused the substantial analgesia through reduction of pro-inflammatory signalling and inflammatory cellular infiltration along with micro-environmental free radical scavenging in mouse inflammatory pain model.
... Magnetic nanoparticles find applications across scientific disciplines, encompassing physicochemical attributes, magnetic field strength, geometric characteristics, tissue penetration depth, blood flow rate, and vascular supply, all contributing to their effectiveness as drug delivery vehicles. [5][6][7][8] Furthermore, the success of these delivery systems primarily depends on nanoparticle characteristics and composition, with a particular emphasis on the careful selection of polymers. Targeted drug delivery using Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) holds promise for improving drug biodistribution and encapsulation efficiency of drug molecules. ...
... In recent years, high attention has been attracted to the synthesis and investigation of magnetic nanomaterials [1][2][3], which can be used in many areas, such as the preparation of magnetic nanocomposites and gels [4,5], soft robotics [6], energy storage devices [7], green energy production [8], and various biomedical applications [9,10], including hyperthermia [11], magnetic resonance imaging [12], the development of magnetically responsive industrial systems [13], and so forth. For such nanomaterials, anisotropic (cylindrical, plate-like, etc.) magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are of high interest [14][15][16] because of their enhanced magnetic properties [17], anisotropy of magnetism, a larger area of the locally induced magnetic field in comparison to nanospheres, etc. [10], as well as their ability to impart anisotropy to nanocomposite materials. ...
We report a new facile method for the synthesis of prolate cobalt ferrite nanoparticles without additional stabilizers, which involves a co-precipitation reaction of Fe3+ and Co2+ ions in a static magnetic field. The magnetic field is demonstrated to be a key factor for the 1D growth of cobalt ferrite nanocrystals in the synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy are applied to characterize the morphology and structure of the obtained nanoparticles. According to TEM, they represent nanorods with a mean length of 25 nm and a diameter of 3.4 nm that have a monocrystalline structure with characteristic plane spacing of 2.9 Å. XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirm the spinel CoFe2O4 structure of the nanorods. After aging, the synthesized nanorods exhibit maximum saturation magnetization and coercivity equal to 30 emu/g and 0.3 kOe, respectively. Thus, the suggested method is a simple and “green” way to prepare CoFe2O4 nanorods with high aspect ratios and pronounced magnetic properties, which are important for various practical applications, including biomedicine, energy storage, and the preparation of anisotropic magnetic nanocomposites.
... There are different methods for producing magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), including co-precipitation, sol-gel, microemulsion, and different thermal and hydrothermal methods [20][21][22]. One of the most widely used Fe 3 O 4 synthesis methods, due to its simplicity, is the co-precipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions from water solutions with a base performed in an inert gas atmosphere [19]. ...
... Aqueous solutions of ammonia or sodium hydroxide are most often used for this purpose. Using co-precipitation methods, particles of a wide range of diameters and shapes can be produced depending on the salts used, the ratio of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions, the ionic strength, temperature, pH reaction mixture, and the stirring speed [20][21][22][23]. To minimize particle sizes and prevent excessive particle agglomeration, chelating compounds are used, such as citric, gluconic, or oleic acids [21]. ...
... Using co-precipitation methods, particles of a wide range of diameters and shapes can be produced depending on the salts used, the ratio of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions, the ionic strength, temperature, pH reaction mixture, and the stirring speed [20][21][22][23]. To minimize particle sizes and prevent excessive particle agglomeration, chelating compounds are used, such as citric, gluconic, or oleic acids [21]. for catalytic or sorption purposes. ...
The modified suspension polymerization technique has been used for the preparation of composite microparticles from the mixture of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), styrene (S), and divinylbenzene (DVB) in the presence of hydrophobized Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The obtained polymer microspheres were characterized using different instrumental and physicochemical techniques, modified with a zero-order PAMAM dendrimer, and impregnated with palladium(II) acetate solutions to immobilize palladium(II) ions. The resulting materials were preliminarily examined as catalysts in the Suzuki reaction between 4-bromotoluene and phenylboronic acid. It was found that the addition of magnetite particles to the composition of monomers provided polymer microparticles with embedded magnetic nanoparticles. The composite microparticles obtained showed a complex, multi-hollow, or raspberry-like morphology. After their modification, they could serve as recyclable catalysts for reactions that include both 4-bromotoluene and several other aryl bromides.
... In addition to r 1 and r 2 , the r 2 /r 1 ratio (always ≥1, as T 2 ≤ T 1 ) represents another important factor in identifying the class of MRI CAs. This ratio should be close to one for a T 1 CA (positive contrast), while it is large for a T 2 CA [10][11][12][13]. ...
... In the case of superparamagnetic NPs, the OS contribution is also dominant. However, for a colloidal dispersion in the presence of a magnetic field, the return of their magnetization to equilibrium is determined by two different processes [11]: (a) the Néel relaxation, describing the return of the magnetization of each of the NPs to equilibrium after a perturbation that tilts that magnetization away from the direction of its easy axis; its relaxation time (τ N ) defines the fluctuations that arise from jumps of the magnetization between different easy directions; (b) Brownian relaxation, defined by the relaxation time τ B , which characterizes the viscous rotation of the particle. The global magnetic relaxation rate of the colloid is the sum of the Néel (τ N −1 ) and Brownian (τ B −1 ) relaxation rates, ...
... The r 1 value is governed by the volume fraction of the superparamagnetic particles (υ), the diffusion correlation time (τ D = d 2 /4D, where d is the diameter of the particle and D is the diffusion coefficient), and the magnetization of the NP (M S ) at the B 0 value of the clinical MRI scanner. A discussion of the transverse relaxivity of spherical superparamagnetic NPs can be found in the literature [11,[27][28][29]. ...
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), either paramagnetic or superparamagnetic depending on their composition and size, have been thoroughly studied as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents using in vitro and in vivo biomedical preclinical studies, while some are clinically used. Their magnetic properties responsible in some cases for high magnetization values, together with large surface area-to-volume ratios and the possibility of surface functionalization, have been used in MRI-based diagnostic and theranostics applications. MNPs are usually used as positive (T1) or negative (T2) MRI contrast agents, causing brightening or darkening of selected regions in MRI images, respectively. This review focusses on recent developments and optimization of MNPs containing Gd, Mn, Fe and other lanthanide ions which may function as dual-mode T1–T2 MRI contrast agents (DMCAs). They induce positive or negative contrast in the same MRI scanner upon changing its operational mode between T1-weighted and T2-weighted pulse sequences. The type of contrast they induce depends critically on their r2/r1 relaxivity ratio, which for DMCAs should be in the 2–10 range of values. After briefly discussing the basic principles of paramagnetic relaxation in MNPs, in this review, the basic strategies for the rational design of DMCAs are presented and typical examples are discussed, including in vivo preclinical applications: (1) the use of NPs with a single type of contrast material, Gd- or Mn-based NPs or superparamagnetic NPs with appropriate size and magnetization to provide T2 and T1 contrast; and (2) inclusion of both types of T1 and T2 contrast materials in the same nanoplatform by changing their relative positions.
