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Illustration of the structure and form of perennial wall rocket ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.). The image is presented on a scale of 3/5 the actual size (Britton & Brown 1913).
Source publication
Some Perspectives on Rocket as a Vegetable Crop: A Review
Baby leaf rocket is consumed worldwide as a salad vegetable. It is usually mixed with other baby leaf crops, such as spinach and lettuce, to form a mesclun-type salad. Rocket crops have become popular due to their distinct taste and textural appearance in mixed salads. There are two common f...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... wall rocket is an erect herbaceous plant that has elongated leaves and a deep tap root (Pratap & Gupta 2009). Under natural condi- tions, the mature plant can grow to a height of 80 cm. The plant possesses a coarse and woody base with retrorse hairs in the lower parts (Bianco 1995). Leaves are fleshy, oblong and deeply lobed, with pointed apexes (Fig. 2). Flowers are bright yellow, medi- um in size and have four rounded petals 8 to 15 mm long. They are ar- ranged in racemes with oblong or linear sepals, and they have six sta- mens and are tetradynamous (Pratap & Gupta ...
Context 2
... example, the pH during hydrolysis has been shown to be an important factor in the formation of nitriles in vitro. This reaction is most likely to occur at a pH of 4 and/or in the presence of Fe 2+ ions (Bennett et al. 2006, Fig. 4). ...
Context 3
... wall rocket is an erect herbaceous plant that has elongated leaves and a deep tap root (Pratap & Gupta 2009). Under natural condi- tions, the mature plant can grow to a height of 80 cm. The plant possesses a coarse and woody base with retrorse hairs in the lower parts (Bianco 1995). Leaves are fleshy, oblong and deeply lobed, with pointed apexes (Fig. 2). Flowers are bright yellow, medi- um in size and have four rounded petals 8 to 15 mm long. They are ar- ranged in racemes with oblong or linear sepals, and they have six sta- mens and are tetradynamous (Pratap & Gupta ...
Context 4
... hydrolysis products formed by this reaction are known to be de- pendent on the structure of the glucosinolate and the conditions under which the reaction takes place. For example, the pH during hydrolysis has been shown to be an important factor in the formation of nitriles in vitro. This reaction is most likely to occur at a pH of 4 and/or in the presence of Fe 2+ ions (Bennett et al. 2006, Fig. ...
Citations
... These nutraceutical compounds exert beneficial effects on human health, having potential in both disease treatment and prevention [1]. Historically it has been cultivated in countries and regions bordering the Mediterranean Sea, its use dates back to the Roman era when the herb was often employed as an aphrodisiac [2]. E. sativa seed oil is composed of constituents like fatty acids i.e. palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosanoid, and erucic acids [3]. ...
Eruca sativa (E. sativa), commonly known as arugula, salad arugula, or simply arugula, is an annual plant species belonging to the Brassicaceae family. This leafy vegetable is widely cultivated for its edible leaves, characterized by a distinctive peppery flavor. The seeds are used for their rich fatty acid oils. This botanical specimen has been incorporated into various forms of traditional medicinal practices such as anti-inflammatory, depurative, diuretic, digestive, aphrodisiac, and rubefacient effects. The plant contains various bioactive compounds, including antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and flavonoids. This vegetable's broad therapeutic potential and diverse components are under ongoing research, enhancing our understanding of its medicinal properties. This review explores the phytochemical components of E. sativa and its efficacy in treating various diseases, offering a summary of its medicinal properties. Furthermore, it emphasizes the plant's importance in human health and suggests potential directions for future research in natural medicine.
... It is an annual plant, reaching heights of up to 1 m, characterized by dark green leaves typically measuring less than 20 cm in length. The basal leaves form a rosette and are lobed to pinnatifid, while the upper leaves of the plant are pinnatifid, featuring longoblong terminal lobes that can be either coarsely toothed or lobed [8]. Rocket is a collective term for plants that produce rosettes of vividly green, divided leaves with a distinctive flavor. ...
A growing interest has been drawn to the use of traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of human diseases and, in particular, infertility and reproductive toxicity associated with environmental factors. The Mediterranean basin area is a recognized source of plant species with therapeutic interest. In this frame, Eruca sativa (ES) is an annual edible plant and a member of the Brassicaceae family. A relatively large number of studies, focusing on the biological effects of the extract from the leaves of ES on in vitro and in vivo models of disease, have been published in recent years. The present narrative review aims to analyze the phytochemical constituents, traditional uses, possible pharmacological activities, and recognized effects of ES on male reproductive outcomes. Available investigations have revealed the presence of a number of compounds with antioxidant properties, such as polyphenols, glucosinolates, flavonoids, and carotenoids in extracts from ES. Based on the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of the aforementioned compounds, we show that ES has possible preventive properties and therapeutic uses, especially in the functional derangements of the male reproductive system.
... Sampling for each plant took approximately one minute from the cutting of the leaves at the petiole to being placed in zipper-top poly bag freezer bags on dry ice inside a polystyrene container (with lid). Thirty days was chosen as the optimum point of harvest as it reflects the typical number of days commercial growers grow their crop after sowing (Hall et al., 2012). Samples used for GSL and ITC extractions were placed in a -80°C freezer immediately after harvest and transport was completed (<30 min). ...
This study aimed to determine whether leaf extracts from seven Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa cultivars and their biochemically active compounds (glucosinolates and downstream-derived products) inhibit mycelia growth of three well-known pathogenic oomycetes, Phytopythium chamaehyphon, Phytopythium vexans and Phytophthora citrophthora; being the most significant in the development of Kiwifruit Vine Decline Syndrome (KVDS). Leaf extract quantity of 10, 20 and 30 mg were inoculated in Petri dish (90 mm Ø, each 22 mL of liquid medium – Potato Dextrose Agar), for in vitro bioassays. A pathogen plug was placed in the centre of each plate and the Oomycota colony perimeter was marked 5 days after inoculation. Radial colony growth was measured from 4 marks per plate 5, 10, and 15 days after inoculation, further elaborated with Image J software image analysis. Growth rates for all strains were inhibited by around 67% after 15 days. This was most pronounced when applying the highest concentration of leaf extract. By using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), fifteen glucosinolate compounds, of which glucosativin was found in the highest quantity, were identified. Concentrations of hydrolysis products produced by leaves (erucin and sativin) were also investigated, and were significantly associated with colony radial growth, especially towards Pp. chamaehyphon and Pp. vexans. Three downstream products of glucosinolates (two pure isothiocyanates, AITC and PEITC; and one indole I3C; all commonly present in Brassicaceae) were also tested, and a statistically significant inhibition of growth was observed at the highest concentration (0.6 µL).
... In case of D. tenuifolia, successful hybridisation with OSR has already been proven under field conditions (Chevré et al., 2004). As perennial wall-rocket is also cultivated as a crop, the observed hybrids would also pose a challenge for the coexistence of contaminated wild weeds with the cultivated crop (Hall et al., 2012;Caruso et al., 2018). At each of 25 sample sites, two potential cross breeding species of OSR were recorded, while at one sample site even five species were present. ...
Novel techniques such as CRISPR/Cas are increasingly being applied for the development of modern crops. However, the regulatory framework for production, labelling and handling of genome-edited organisms varies worldwide. Currently, the European Commission is raising the question whether genome-edited organisms should still be regulated as genetically modified organisms in the future or whether a deregulation should be implemented. In our paper, based on the outcome of a 2-year case study on oilseed rape in Austria, we show that seed spillage during import and subsequent transport and handling activities is a key factor for the unintended dispersal of seeds into the environment, the subsequent emergence of feral oilseed rape populations and their establishment and long-term persistence in natural habitats. These facts must likewise be considered in case of genome-edited oilseed rape contaminants that might be accidentally introduced with conventional kernels. We provide evidence that in Austria a high diversity of oilseed rape genotypes, including some with alleles not known from cultivated oilseed rape in Austria, exists at sites with high seed spillage and low weed management, rendering these sites of primary concern with respect to possible escape of genome-edited oilseed rape varieties into the environment. Since appropriate detection methods for single genome-edited oilseed rape events have only recently started to be successfully developed and the adverse effects of these artificial punctate DNA exchanges remain largely unknown, tracing the transmission and spread of these genetic modifications places high requirements on their monitoring, identification, and traceability.
... Leafy greens and culinary herbs are high-value specialty crops for hydroponics [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] and also serve as good model crops for nutrient management research because of the relatively short cropping cycles and harvesting of only vegetative tissues. For this study, arugula (Eruca sativa L.) was selected because of its popularity among consumers [18,20], unique peppery and mustardlike flavor [24][25][26], and relatively high requirements for anion nutrients, particularly sulfatesulfur [27,28]. ...
Managing nutrients in recirculating solutions can be challenging in hydroponic production, and poor management practices can rapidly result in root zone nutrient imbalances in reduced yield. Using mass balance principles to formulate hydroponic replenishment solutions is a proposed strategy to reduce nutrient imbalances and the need to periodically replace the hydroponic solution. Objectives were to (1) formulate species-specific nutrient replenishment solutions for arugula (Eruca sativa L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) using mass balance principles and (2) evaluate the effects of using these replenishment solutions on plant growth and root zone nutrients over time. In the first experiment, arugula and basil tissues were analyzed over 42 d for macronutrient concentrations which were used to custom formulate species-specific replenishment solutions for both species. In the second experiment, nutrients were resupplied for hydroponic arugula and basil over time using either the species-specific or a standard commercial hydroponic replenishment solution. Species-specific replenishment solutions resulted in decreased solution EC and concentrations of most macronutrients over time for both species. In contrast, replenishment with the standard hydroponic solution resulted in increased solution EC and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and sulfate and decreased nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Replenishment treatment had no effect on yield for arugula and basil; however, results suggested root zone imbalances may have still occurred eventually for both treatments and species. Species-specific replenishment solutions would be most effective in scenarios where solutions could be formulated for a specific crop, mixed using high-quality irrigation water, and where environmental conditions are controlled and stable, such as indoor farming systems. This study highlighted several practical challenges and considerations regarding the formulation of hydroponic solutions using mass balance.
... Ekosistemin korunması amacı dışında, tohumlarındaki % 35 yağ oranı ile yağ bitkisi olarak [10], yapraklarındaki kersetin, kaempferol, izorhamnetin gibi flavonoidler içerdiği için tıbbi bitki olarak kullanım imkânı bulunmaktadır [11,12]. Ayrıca, yabani roka yaprakları İtalya ve İspanya'da sebze olarak tüketilmektedir [1,13,14,15]. Türkiye'de doğal olarak yetişmesine rağmen ülkemizde ticareti ve yetiştiriciliği yapılmamaktadır. ...
Günümüzde değişen iklim şartlarına adapte olabilecek potansiyele sahip olan yabani rokanın (D. tenuifolia (L.) DC), sebze, tıbbi bitki, yağ bitkisi, yem bitkisi olarak kullanımı söz konusudur. Ayrıca sahip olduğu bitkisel özellikleri ile su erozyonu olan bölgelerde hızlı bitki örtüsü geliştirerek toprak ve su korumasında faydalanabileceğimiz bitki türlerindendir. Hızla değişen iklim şartlarında, sürdürülebilir bir tarımı sağlayabilecek bitkilerin ıslahının daha kısa sürede yapılabilmesi için verim ile arasında ilişki bulunan özelliklerin tespit edilmesi gerekir. Bu sebeple, bu çalışmada 2015-2016 yıllarında Konya şartlarında Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak üç farklı sıra arlığında yabani roka yem bitkisi olarak kullanım amacıyla yetiştirilmiştir. Araştırmamızda, farklı sıra aralığında yetiştirilen bitkilerin 2016 yılındaki ham protein oranı, verimi ve protein verimi ile bitkisel özellikler ve besin elementleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada bitki başına en yüksek protein verimi, 30 ve 40 cm sıra aralığından sırasıyla 1.82 g ve 1.96 g olup istatistiki olarak bu değerler aynı grupta yer almaktadır. Araştırmada en yüksek protein verimi 30 cm sıra aralığında 404.42 kg ha-1 elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, çalışmada incelenen özellikler arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamak amacıyla yapılan path model sonucuna göre, farklı sıra aralığında yetiştirilen yabani rokaların bitki başına protein verimi, protein verimi varyasyonun % 37’si tek başına açıklamaktadır. Dahası, bitki başına yem verimi, bitki boyu ve ham protein oranı birlikte bitki başına protein verimi varyasyonun % 97.6’sını açıklamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, yüksek protein verimine sahip kaba yem elde etmek amacıyla yapılacak yetiştiriciliklerde 30 cm ve 40 cm sıra aralığı tavsiye edilebilir. Bununla birlikte, yem bitkisi amacı ile geliştirilecek tiplerin seçiminde ise kriter olarak bitki başına yem verimi, bitki boyu, kanopi çapı ve ham protein oranı özellikleri üzerinde durulması gerektiğini ifade edebiliriz.
... Eruca sativa, also referred as cultivated or annual garden rocket, although used for human consumption for millennia, can be a problematic weed, as happens in China [1]. D. tenuifolia, also referred to as wild or perennial rocket, is an invasive weed in Europe, USA, Argentina, and is particularly noxious in Australia, where some states attempt to control its spread [2]. ...
Rocket is the common designation for two baby-leaf salad crops of the Brassicaceae family: Eruca sativa (L.) Cav., usually referred to as annual garden rocket, and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. commonly named to as perennial wild rocket. E. sativa is used for human consumption since antiquity. However, the growing consumer preference for D. tenuifolia is being accompanied by the fast increase in its production area and commercialization of new cultivars. Nevertheless, the worldwide number of wild rocket accessions maintained in germplasm collections is very reduced, the solution for which situation the project “REMIRucula” intends to contribute, establishing a germplasm collection at the INIAV, Oeiras, Portugal. Herein, we report on the establishment via next generation sequencing (NGS) of the first genome assembly of D. tenuifolia and the identification of specific single sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci for the establishment of specific DNA-markers for this species. A representative set of 87 D. tenuifolia and 3 E. sativa accessions were assessed by 5 SSR and 9 SNP-CAPS markers, allowing a drastic discrimination between both species and the establishment of unequivocal molecular fingerprints for the analyzed accessions. The non-discrimination within six pairs and one trio of D. tenuifolia accessions is discussed.
... Wild or perennial rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) D.C.], is a leafy vegetable, commonly also known as arugula, roquette or rucola, belonging to the mustard family (Brassicaceae). It's traditionally grown in the Mediterranean region, widely consumed in Italy, but with increasing popularity as green salad (mixed or alone) in other parts of the World thanks to its excellent nutritional properties and its antioxidant activity [13][14][15][16][17]. The major producer area of wild rocket in the European Union is the Southwest of Italy, with an annual cultivation area of about 4,800 hectares under protected cultivation with yields ranging between about 30-40 kg m −2 of fresh cut [18,19]. ...
Background
Wild rocket ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia ) is prone to soil-borne stresses under intensive cultivation systems devoted to ready-to-eat salad chain, increasing needs for external inputs. Early detection of the abiotic and biotic stresses by using digital reflectance-based probes may allow optimization and enhance performances of the mitigation strategies.
Methods
Hyperspectral image analysis was applied to D. tenuifolia potted plants subjected, in a greenhouse experiment, to five treatments for one week: a control treatment watered to 100% water holding capacity, two biotic stresses: Fusarium wilting and Rhizoctonia rotting, and two abiotic stresses: water deficit and salinity. Leaf hyperspectral fingerprints were submitted to an artificial intelligence pipeline for training and validating image-based classification models able to work in the stress range. Spectral investigation was corroborated by pertaining physiological parameters.
Results
Water status was mainly affected by water deficit treatment, followed by fungal diseases, while salinity did not change water relations of wild rocket plants compared to control treatment. Biotic stresses triggered discoloration in plants just in a week after application of the treatments, as evidenced by the colour space coordinates and pigment contents values. Some vegetation indices, calculated on the bases of the reflectance data, targeted on plant vitality and chlorophyll content, healthiness, and carotenoid content, agreed with the patterns of variations observed for the physiological parameters. Artificial neural network helped selection of VIS (492–504, 540–568 and 712–720 nm) and NIR (855, 900–908 and 970 nm) bands, whose read reflectance contributed to discriminate stresses by imaging.
Conclusions
This study provided significative spectral information linked to the assessed stresses, allowing the identification of narrowed spectral regions and single wavelengths due to changes in photosynthetically active pigments and in water status revealing the etiological cause.
... Rocket has health promoting beneficial properties (Guijarro-Real et al. 2020). It is known that rocket cultivation dates back to ancient times as a source of food, oilseeds crop and medicinal plants (Padulosi and Pignone 1996;Hall et al. 2012). Rocket is used as a salad vegetable because of low-calorie content, it is as well beneficial for health-promoting nutraceutical and anticancer properties (Higdon et al. 2007;Bell and Wagstaff 2014). ...
Rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) is cultivated throughout the year. Thanks to the rich metabolites of its leaves, it has a wide usage area in pharmacy. Cress (Lepidium sativum) is in the group of annual vegetables and has a herbaceous structure. Due to its fragrant and slightly spicy structure, it is a vegetable that is used as an appetizer. Its seeds and green parts are very beneficial for health. Rocket is a short-day plant whose leaves are considered to be rich in many minerals and vitamins. The present research was conducted to investigate the effects of doses of Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) (0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60 mg L-1 on the germination and development of seeds of rocket and cress plants grown in pot experiments. In order to determine the effect of DOT on the development and yield of rocket and cress plants, the percentage of germinated seeds, cotyledon length and dry matter amounts were determined. ANOVA test was used to analyze the data obtained in the present study. Tukey test was used to determine which groups were insignificant differences between the groups. Overall, it was seen that there were significant growth differences between the doses used statistically, the dose of 45 mg L-1 DOT positively affected the germination and dry matter content of rocket and cress seeds.
... Despite a general tendency by the consumers to avoid bitter foods, the connection between dietary intake of healthy antioxidants and bitter taste could positively influence the acceptance of wild edible species [12,13], especially if they are used as ingredients in a vegetable mix. The market demand for baby greens for the production of ready-to-eat mixed salads is in continuous expansion [4] and has promoted the cultivation of several leafy species that were traditionally collected at the spontaneous state (e.g., rocket salad [14]), thus preserving the natural environment, and contributing to the sustainable maintenance of agrobiodiversity [15]. The hydroponic technique, particularly the floating system, is typically used for the production of ready-to-eat baby leaves and could represent a suitable choice also for the cultivation of wild herbs [16]. ...
Wild edible plant species are often more tolerant to salinity than many crop plants. Considering the salinization of irrigation water that is progressively affecting the Mediterranean region and the market demand for new plant foods, the cultivation of wild edible species could represent a valid alternative to conventional vegetable crops. In this study, Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth, a widespread spontaneous herb of ethnobotanical tradition, was grown for four or six weeks under a greenhouse in a floating system for the production of baby leaves. In order to improve the nutraceutical quality of the tissues, the plants were exposed to the following NaCl concentrations in the nutrient solution: 1.7 (control), 25, 50, and 100 mM. The results showed that a 4-week growing period in a floating system with 50 mM NaCl in the nutrient solution increased the content of bioactive molecules without affecting the fresh yield. After six weeks of cultivation, despite a decrease in biomass production as compared with the control, the leaves of salt-treated plants contained higher levels of bioactive molecules along with lower amounts of nitrate ion.
