Figure 1 - uploaded by Diane J. Schiano
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Illustration of ideal (hypothetical) results indicating categorical perception in identifying stimuli transitioning between Happy and Sad expressions.
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... responses and "other" (open-ended) responses are permitted. The categorical perception predictions for this identification task are essentially the same as those illustrated in Figure 1, since simply adding response options should not affect results stemming from truly categorical perception. ...
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... the categorical perception literature, the results of the identification task are graphed in terms of identification rates for two category endpoints and the continuum between them, as illustrated in Figure 1. The results sections of many papers consist almost solely of such graphs for all stimulus pairs. ...
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... Вместе с тем имеющиеся на сегодняшний день результаты зачастую являются противоречивыми и неоднородными: так, в ряде работ эффекта категориальности не наблюдалось на отдельных эмоциональных экспрессиях (например, при различении переходных экспрессий между гневом и радостью или гневом и страхом — см. Fiorentini, Viviani, 2009; de Gelder et al., 1997; Schiano et al., 2004), либо он исчезал вовсе при введении вербальной интерференции (Roberson, Davidoff, 2000) или уменьшении времени экспозиции изображений (Suzuki et al., 2005). На рисунке 1 схематично представлены все возможные переходы между экспрессиями семи базовых эмоций и основные результаты исследований эффекта категориальности . ...
We explored the effect of categorical perception of emotional facial expressions. Using artificially generated computer “morphs” and natural expressions of a male poser, we studied the identification and discrimination of transitional expressions between images of basic human emotions. The results showed that the distance in perceptual space based on the identification of emotions is a significant predictor of expressions’ discrimination accuracy. The obtained results do not support the hypothesis of an absolute categorical effect, but are consistent with the two-stage model of facial expression categorization (Huttenlocher et al., 2000; Roberson et al., 2007), suggesting a gradual increase in the efficiency of discrimination when distance from the category center is increased.
ABSTRACT: Anyone who has undertaken even a cursory study of Kant's moral philosophy eventually has to confront the question: How can an abstract moral law move the imperfectly rational human will to moral action? It is generally agreed that Kant's notion of respect plays a central role in his account of moral motivation. While the central role of respect in Kantian moral motivation is uncontroversial, the further question of how such motivation by respect occurs is the source of debate. In their answers to this question, commentators are divided into two camps. Staying true to Kant's insistence that moral motivation is a purely rational process independent of any affective feelings, the intellectualists hold that apprehension of the moral law is by itself sufficient to motivate moral action. The affectivists agree with the intellectualists that moral motivation begins with the rational apprehension of the moral law. However, they argue that a subsequent affective feeling arises from this initial apprehension, and it is the inclinational strength of this feeling vis-a-vis that of opposing nonmoral inclinations that is decisive in determining whether moral action results. My view is that the intellectualist reading, in keeping with Kant's insistence that moral motivation is purely a rational matter, represents the more credible account of Kantian moral motivation. Such a reading, however, is not without difficulty, for it is somewhat mysterious how a purely rational conception can motivate one to action. I argue that apprehension of the moral law can be identified with the agent's awareness of the absolute value of rational nature. I will also show that, for Kant, rational nature is central to our personhood. Insofar as rational nature is central to our personhood, then, awareness of this nature should by itself be sufficient to motivate us to undertake moral action to preserve and promote it, whatever the fickle orientation of our affective feelings. Therefore, insofar as we are rational, awareness of rational nature gives rise to an irresistible non-affective compulsion to undertake moral action. While it may still be somewhat mysterious how such a rational compulsion could move one to moral action, I argue that my modified intellectualist reading, in analyzing respect as awareness of rational nature, represents such a motivational process as being a systematic expression of Kant's fundamental convictions about personhood. As such, my reading is to be regarded as a credible representation of Kant's moral psychology. Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. Mode of access: World Wide Web. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 71 pages. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Florida, 2004. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.
Gegenstand der Arbeit ist zum einen eine Vertiefung des Verständnisses des Begriffs intensionaler Gleichheit im Bereich von Prozeßkalkülen, der komplementär zum Begriff der extensionalen Gleichheit ist, und zum zweiten die Definition einer denotationellen Semantik für Prozesse in Epsilon-Strukturen, die nicht wohlfundierte Mengen zur Modellierung von Selbstbezüglichkeit zulassen. Die intensionale Gleichheit erlaubt Prozesse aufgrund ihrer (syntaktischen) Definition zu unterscheiden, selbst wenn ihr beobachtbares Verhalten, d.h. ihre Extension, gleich ist. Dadurch kann z.B. erfolgreiches Terminieren von blockierendem Verhalten unterschieden werden. Intensionale Aspekte können durch zusätzliche Sortierung von Prozessen kodiert werden. Die operationelle Semantik von sortierten Prozessen wird dann durch sortierte LTS (Labelled Transition Systems) dargestellt. Die abstrakte denotationelle Semantik ist durch eine Interpretation von LTS in Epsilon-Strukturen definiert, die einerseits die Sortierung aufheben und andererseits rekursive Prozesse ohne zusätzliche topologische Konstruktionen modellieren können. Als exemplarische Anwendung wird die allgemeine Semantikdefinition von LTS in Epsilonstrukturen für dyadischen Interaktionskalkül nach Honda und Abramskys lazy Lambda-Theorie vorgestellt und dadurch in einen einheitlichen Rahmen gebracht.
