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Illustration of Parnassia kotzebuei by Janet Wingate from the Colorado Rare Plant Field Guide (Spackman et al. 1997a). Used with permission of the artist.

Illustration of Parnassia kotzebuei by Janet Wingate from the Colorado Rare Plant Field Guide (Spackman et al. 1997a). Used with permission of the artist.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was facilitated by the helpfulness and generosity of many people, particularly Beverly Baker, Walt Fertig, Bonnie Heidel, Ken Houston, William Jennings, Tass Kelso, Nan Lederer, Peggy Lyon, Steve Olson, John Proctor, John Vorhis, and Loraine Yeatts. Their interest in the project and time spent answering questions were...

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... Figure 3 is the illustration of P. kotzebuei that was included in the Colorado Rare Plant Field Guide ( Spackman et al. 1997a). ...

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Parnassia palustris is an herbaceous perennial with a circumpolar distribution. In Korea it is found in three habitat types: low-altitude high-latitude habitat (LH), mountain stream habitat (MS), and high-altitude low-latitude habitat (HL). This classification is based on soil physicochemical properties and species composition. To find the best habitat type for the maintenance of P. palustris populations, we surveyed vegetation and environmental properties in the three habitat types. All three habitat types had moist soil with low N content. LH had a temperate climate and shallow calcareous soil with a high pH. MS had a thin soil layer with high Ca2+ content, a high pH and heavy disturbance. HL had a low temperature and deep soil layer with a low pH. Co-occurring species in HL were strong competitors compared to co-occurring species in LH and MS. Population increase in MS was higher than in LH and HL. Reproductive traits were also higher in MS than in LH and HL. Of the three habitat types, MS is regarded as the best for P. palustris. We suggest maintaining P. palustris habitats with a sufficient water supply and weak competition to sustain the population successfully. This may further restore the MS habitat to expand the distribution of this species. Our study also provides information relevant to the conservation and restoration of the MS habitat for vulnerable calcicole or early successional species, like P. palustris.