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Ileum. a,b) Tβ4 and Tβ10 are detected in the surface epithelium of enterocytes covering the villi of the ileum (see inset, black arrows); OM 400x.
Source publication
Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) and thymosin beta 10 (Tβ10) are two members of the β-thymosin family, involved in multiple cellular activities in different organs in multiple animal species. Here we report the expression pattern of Tβ4 and Tβ10 in rat tissues, in the gut and in annexed glands. The two peptide were differently expressed: Tβ4 was absent in sal...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... was maily expressed in the cytoplasm of enterocytes covering ileal villi (Figure 5a). A similar pattern characterized immunoreactivi- ty for Tβ10 (Figure 5b). ...
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Duplication of the gastrointestinal tract occur any part of the alimentary tract from the tongue to the anus. Male have slightly more predominance than females. Gastrointestinal duplication will have a varied presentation. Ileum and the oesophagus are most commonly involved. Colonic duplication is rare and can present with diagnostic difficulties....
Citations
... 83 As a journal of functional cytology, the European Journal of Histochemistry has traditionally published many papers on cell and tissue biology in a variety of Vertebrate and Invertebrate species. After a relative decrease in 2013 and 2014, [103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115] in the present year more than 20% of the published papers were on these subjects, [116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126] thus demonstrating that histochemical techniques are powerful tools for properly describing cell and tissue organization as well as functional microanatomy in different taxa of still poorly described organisms. In a comparative perspective, the histochemical evidence, in parallel with molecular data on protein and DNA, may help to elucidate the origin and evolution of cell and tissue physiology. ...
Especially in recent years, biomedical research has taken advantage of the progress in several disciplines, among which microscopy and histochemistry. To assess the influence of histochemistry in the biomedical field, the articles published during the period 2011-2015 have been selected from different databases and grouped by subject categories. As expected, biological and biomedical studies where histochemistry has been used as a major experimental approach include a wide range of basic and applied researches on both humans and other animal or plant organisms. To better understand the impact of histochemical publications onto the different biological and medical disciplines, it was useful to look at the journals where the articles published in a multidisciplinary journal of histochemistry have been cited: it was observed that, in the five-years period considered, 20% only of the citations were in histochemical periodicals, the remaining ones being in journals of Cell & Tissue biology, general and experimental Medicine, Oncology, Biochemistry & Molecular biology, Neurobiology, Anatomy & Morphology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Reproductive biology, Veterinary sciences, Physiology, Endocrinology, Tissue engineering & Biomaterials, as well as in multidisciplinary journals. It is easy to foresee that also in the future the histochemical journals will be an attended forum for basic and applied scientists in the biomedical field. It will be crucial that these journals be open to an audience as varied as possible, publishing articles on the application of refined techniques to very different experimental models: this will stimulate non-histochemist scientists to approach histochemistry whose application horizon could expand to novel and possibly exclusive subjects.
... 62,63 Descriptive articles have also been published on the expression of different molecules in Vertebrates organs. [73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81] In recent times, the papers on Connective tissue, bone & cartilage became numerous: this indicates that the histochemical approach is presently essential for studying structure and function of the hard tissues. 82,83 The unique structural characteristics of bone and cartilage makes it often necessary to use, in an integrated approach, immunocytochemistry, transmission and electron microscopy, as well as physical and biomolecular techniques. ...
Histochemistry provides the unique opportunity to detect single molecules in the very place where they exert their structural roles or functional activities: this makes it possible to correlate structural organization and function, and may be fruitfully exploited in countless biomedical research topics. Aiming to estimate the impact of histochemical articles in the biomedical field, the last few years citations of articles published in a long-established histochemical journal have been considered. This brief survey suggests that histochemical journals, especially the ones open to a large spectrum of research subjects, do represent an irreplaceable source of information not only for cell biologists, microscopists or anatomists, but also for biochemists, molecular biologists and biotechnologists.
... 6 Although both peptides are highly homologues (up to 77%), they exert different effects on processes such as angiogenesis and apoptosis: 7 as Tβ4 promotes angiogenesis, Tβ10 has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis by interfering with the RAS oncoprotein; 8 whereas Tβ4 plays an important role as anti-apoptotic peptide, overexpression of Tβ10 has been associated with accelerated apoptosis. 9 Over the past few years, several studies have been conducted on the expression pattern of beta-thymosins in different organs in adulthood [10][11][12] and their role in embryogenesis and in carcinogenesis. It has been shown that Tβ4 is highly expressed during embryonic development, followed by a downregulation during adulthood and again an upregulation in several tumors. ...
Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) and thymosin beta 10 (Tβ10) are two members of the beta-thymosin family involved in many cellular processes such as cellular motility, angiogenesis, inflammation, cell survival and wound healing. Recently, a role for beta-thymosins has been proposed in the process of carcinogenesis as both peptides were detected in several types of cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression pattern of Tβ4 and Tβ10 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To this end, the expression pattern of both peptides was analyzed in liver samples obtained from 23 subjects diagnosed with HCC. Routinely formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded liver samples were immunostained by indirect immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antibodies to Tβ4 and Tβ10. Immunoreactivity for Tβ4 and Tβ10 was detected in the liver parenchyma of the surrounding tumor area. Both peptides showed an increase in granular reactivity from the periportal to the periterminal hepatocytes. Regarding HCC, Tβ4 reactivity was detected in 7/23 cases (30%) and Tβ10 reactivity in 22/23 (96%) cases analyzed, adding HCC to human cancers that express these beta-thymosins. Intriguing finding was seen looking at the reactivity of both peptides in tumor cells infiltrating the surrounding liver. Where Tβ10 showed a strong homogeneous expression, was Tβ4 completely absent in cells undergoing stromal invasion.
The current study shows expression of both beta-thymosins in HCC with marked differences in their degree of expression and frequency of immunoreactivity. The higher incidence of Tβ10 expression and its higher reactivity in tumor cells involved in stromal invasion indicate a possible major role for Tβ10 in HCC progression.
... The distribution and activity of specific proteins was investigated in different animal or plant cells and tissues,31-37 and was often compared with the ectopic relocation of the same molecules under pathological conditions25,38-45 or after the application of experimental stimuli or therapeutic agents.46-51 The immunohistochemical detection of a given protein or the recognition of a specific enzyme activity was never aimed to purely describe cell features in a micro- (or ultramicro-) anatomical perspective. ...
In agreement with the evolution of histochemistry over the last fifty years and thanks to the impressive advancements in microscopy sciences, the application of cytochemical techniques to light and electron microscopy is more and more addressed to elucidate the functional characteristics of cells and tissue under different physiological, pathological or experimental conditions. Simultaneously, the mere description of composition and morphological features has become increasingly sporadic in the histochemical literature. Since basic research on cell functional organization is essential for understanding the mechanisms responsible for major biological processes such as differentiation or growth control in normal and tumor tissues, histochemical Journals will continue to play a pivotal role in the field of cell and tissue biology in all its structural and functional aspects.
Liver fibrosis, a major characteristic of chronic liver disease, is inappropriate tissue remodeling caused by prolonged parenchymal cell injury and inflammation. During liver injury, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) undergo transdifferentiation from quiescent HSCs into activated HSCs, which promote the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, leading to liver fibrosis. Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4), a major actin-sequestering protein, is the most abundant member of the highly conserved β-thymosin family and controls cell morphogenesis and motility by regulating the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. Tβ4 is known to be involved in various cellular responses, including antiinflammation, wound healing, angiogenesis, and cancer progression. Emerging evidence suggests that Tβ4 is expressed in the liver; however, its biological roles are poorly understood. Herein, we introduce liver fibrogenesis and recent findings regarding the function of Tβ4 in various tissues and discuss the potential role of Tβ4 in liver fibrosis with a special focus on the effects of exogenous and endogenous Tβ4. Recent studies have revealed that activated HSCs express Tβ4 in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with the exogenous Tβ4 peptide inhibits the proliferation and migration of activated HSCs and reduces liver fibrosis, indicating it has an antifibrotic action. Meanwhile, the endogenously expressed Tβ4 in activated HSCs is shown to promote HSCs activation. Although the role of Tβ4 has not been elucidated, it is apparent that Tβ4 is associated with HSC activation. Therefore, understanding the potential roles and regulatory mechanisms of Tβ4 in liver fibrosis may provide a novel treatment for patients.
Background and objective:
Our previous study found that thymosin β10 overexpressed in lung cancer and positively correlated with differentiation, lymph node metastasis and stage of lung cancer. In this reasearch we aim to study the effects and mechanism of exogenous human recombinant Tβ10 on the expression of VEGF-C on non-small cell lung cancer.
Methods:
After SPC, A549 and LK2 cells were treated with 100 ng/mL recombinant human Tβ10, the mRNA level of VEGF-C were detected by RT-PCR. The mean while the protein expression of VEGF-C, P-AKT and AKT were determined by Western blot assay.
Results:
Exogenous recombinant human Tβ10 were significantly promote the expression levels of VEGF-C mRNA and protein while promoting the phosphorylation of AKT. Exogenous Tβ10 can promote the expression of VEGF-C mRNA and protein in lung cancer cell lines A549 and LK2 (P<0.05), and this effect can be inhibited by use AKT inhibitor LY294002 (P<0.05).
Conclusions:
Tβ10 human recombinant proteins can promote the expression of VEGF-C by activating AKT phosphorylation in lung cancer cell lines.
